Table 5.

Effects of TMS over the FEF on eye movements.

Type of saccades	TMS delivery	Effects of FEF stimulation	Studies	Interpretation
Reflexive saccades	60–100 ms after target onset	No effect on latencies	Muri et al., 1991
	60 ms before expected movement	Longer latencies (but preserved express saccades)	Priori et al., 1993	Circular coil centered over the vertex probably influencing several cortical areas among which the FEF, SEF and PPC
	Middle or end of a 200-ms gap interval	Longer latencies (mainly of contralateral saccades)	Nagel et al., 2008	Interference with motor preparation during the gap period (also when stimulating SEF and DLPFC; cortico-cortical or cortico-subcortical networks)
	50 ms period around target onset	Shorter latencies of ipsilateral saccades (but at the expense of precision; multiple saccades)	van Donkelaar et al., 2009	FEF (and left SEF) preventing the release of a saccade until its planning has been completed
Reflexive saccades (with a voluntary component)	From target onset to 100 ms after	Shorter/longer latencies of contralateral/bilateral saccades depending on TMS timing and paradigm	Nyffeler et al., 2004	Facilitatory effects: suppression of fixation activity (within the SC). Disruptive effects: interference with the burst saccadic signal
	rTMS to decrease cortical excitability	Longer latencies of bilateral saccades	Nyffeler et al., 2006a,b	Impairment of fixation disengagement and of burst signal (in the stimulated FEF and/or the contralateral FEF)
	rTMS to decrease cortical excitability	Shorter latencies of bilateral saccades	Gerits et al. (2011) in monkeys but see Pouget et al. (2011)	Suppression of fixation neurons in the FEF; rTMS might impact both FEF via transcallosal connection
Voluntary saccades	50 ms before expected movement	Longer latencies of contralateral saccades	Thickbroom et al., 1996	Interference with programming and execution of saccades
	from 100 before to 100 ms after go signal	Longer latencies of contralateral saccades	Ro et al., 1997, 1999, 2002	Interference with the programming and the execution of saccades (including perceptual analysis of the go signal)
Anti-saccades	50–90 ms after target onset	Longer latencies of ipsilateral anti-saccades (bilateral in females)	Muri et al., 1991	Reduced attention in the contralateral visual field or insufficient suppression of reflexive saccades
	100 ms after go signal	Longer latencies of bilateral anti-saccades (and enhancement of erroneous contralateral pro-saccades)	Terao et al., 1998	Interference with the emergence of the motor signal (interhemispheric transfer of information)
	Between 50 and 150 ms after target onset	Longer latencies of ipsilateral anti-saccades	Olk et al., 2006	Interference with saccade inhibition to the contralateral visual field
	Middle or end of a 200-ms gap interval	Longer latencies (mainly of contralateral saccades)	Nagel et al., 2008	Interference with motor preparation during the gap period (also when stimulating SEF and DLPFC)
	150 ms after target onset	Shorter latencies (sometimes longer latencies, depending on animals, TMS intensity and saccade direction)	Valero-Cabre et al. (2012), in monkeys	Modulatory (likely suppressive) effect of FEF fixation neurons
Memory-guided movements	At go signal and 50 ms later (double-pulse)	Shorter latencies of contralateral saccades	Wipfli et al., 2001	Modification of the pre- saccadic build-up activity or inhibition of suppression cells in the FEF
	100 ms after go signal	Longer latencies of memory-guided saccades, vergence and both components of combined saccade-vergence movements	Yang and Kapoula, 2011	Interference with fixation disengagement or with premotor memory activity. FEF involved in all rapid eye movements in 3D space
Other eye movement parameters	Various	No effect of TMS on saccade precision or velocity	Most of studies (e.g., Priori et al., 1993)
	From 100 to 50 ms before saccade onset	Suppression of saccades or longer latencies associated with increased duration and smaller velocity	Zangemeister et al., 1995	Shortening of the saccadic burst (clear effect after TMS at multiple locations but larger when stimulating parieto-occipital regions)
	50 ms period around target onset	Multiple small short-latency ipsilateral saccades instead a unique large one	van Donkelaar et al., 2009	FEF (and left SEF) preventing the release of a saccade until its planning has been completed
	At various timings	Smaller or higher gain (velocity) of a sinusoidal predictive pursuit depending on TMS timing	Gagnon et al., 2006	FEF also contributing to the computation of eye movements dynamics
	rTMS to decrease cortical excitability	Smaller gain of ipsilateral memory-guided anti-saccade	Jaun-Frutiger et al., 2013	FEF participating in visual vector inversion during the anti-saccade task