Table 1.
Characteristics of REGARDS participants with and without treatment-resistant hypertension.
| No treatment-resistant HTN (n=7,827) |
Treatment-resistant HTN (n=2,147) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 65.4 (8.9) | 67.5 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 58.9 | 50.3 | <0.001 |
| Black race | 45.3 | 59.1 | <0.001 |
| Geographic Region* | 0.1 | ||
| Stroke belt | 35.2 | 34.5 | |
| Stroke buckle | 22.4 | 20.9 | |
| Other | 42.4 | 44.7 | |
| Income <$20,000 | 18.2 | 25.0 | <0.001 |
| < HS education | 13.0 | 19.7 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 12.8 | 11.9 | 0.3 |
| Current alcohol use | 34.5 | 31.0 | 0.003 |
| Perfect medication adherence | 70.6 | 67.1 | 0.001 |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | ||
| ≥4 times/wk | 27.8 | 23.9 | |
| 1–3 times/wk | 35.9 | 33.3 | |
| None | 36.3 | 42.8 | |
| Waist circumference(cm) | 97.6 (14.8) | 104.2 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Statin use | 42.2 | 52.5 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 24.7 | 45.6 | <0.001 |
| History of MI | 14.4 | 25.1 | <0.001 |
| History of stroke | 7.5 | 13.4 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.0 (38.7) | 180.4 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.9 (15.8) | 48.2 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.5 [1.1–5.7] | 2.9 [1.3–6.5] | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.4 (9.8) | 141.0 (17.7) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.3 (7.7) | 79.8 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.2 (19.5) | 74.8 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| ACR (mg/g) | 7.0 [4.6–12.5] | 17.4 [7.1–74.7] | <0.001 |
Note: Values for categorical variables are given as percentages; values for continuous variables are given as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range]. Conversion factor for HDL and total cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.02586.
BP, blood pressure; MI: myocardial infarction; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR: albumin-creatinine ratio; REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; HTN, hypertension; HS, high school.
Stroke buckle refers to coastal North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Stroke belt refers to remainder of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Other refers to rest of continental United States.