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. 2014 Aug 22;9(8):e105726. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105726

Figure 9. Functional complementation by VND1 to VND5 of the secondary wall defects in the fibers of the Arabidopsis snd1 nst1 double mutant.

Figure 9

(A) Expression of VND1 to VND5 driven by the SND1 promoter rescued the pendent stem phenotype exhibited by snd1 nst1. (B) Expression of VNDs in snd1 nst1 resulted in a partial restoration of stem strength. Each bar represents the breaking force of the inflorescence stem of individual plants. (C) Cross section of a wild-type stem showing lignified secondary walls in the xylem and interfascicular fibers. (D) Cross section of an snd1 nst1 stem showing the lignified secondary walls in the xylem but an absence of lignified secondary walls in the interfascicular fibers. (E) to (I) Expression of VND1 (E), VND2 (F), VND3 (G), VND4 (H) and VND5 (I) in the snd1 nst1 mutant restored the lignified secondary walls in the interfascicular fibers. The bottom parts of stems of 8-week-old plants were sectioned and stained for lignin with phloroglucinol-HCl. if, interfascicular fiber; xy, xylem. Bar in (C)  = 92 µm in (C) and (I).