Table 1.

Measures of neutral and adaptive genetic diversity and ecological structure used in this review. Outcome types used in Fig. 1 are given in bold

Variable	Variable type	Valid measures
Neutral genetic diversity	Exposure	Expected heterozygosity HE, allelic richness AR, inter-individual genomic dissimilarity, marker polymorphism (these measures were restricted to variation at molecular marker loci that is presumed to be selectively neutral)
Adaptive genetic diversity	Exposure	Numbers of clones (genotypic richness), ecotypes, cultivars, genetically distinct individuals or families of related individuals
Community structure	Outcome	Species richness, species evenness (the extent to which the abundances of coexisting species are equal), species diversity (a measure of the effective number of species, incorporating both species richness and evenness), species compositional dissimilarity (between-community differences in species abundance structure, often assessed using ordination techniques)
Ecosystem function	Outcome	Productivity (biomass production, photosynthetic rate), ‘stocks’ (levels or availability of elements and nutrients, and non-living biomass pools), ‘flux’ (changes, or rates of change of stocks) and ‘stability’ (measures of ecosystem resistance or resilience to environmental perturbation).