Table 2.
Variations in metabolic parameters across time and between BMI status groups.
| Session 1 | Session 2 | Session 5 | Repeated-measures ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Time effect | Group effect | Time ∗ group interaction | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 4.31 | 0.68 | 4.38 | 0.78 | 4.29 | 0.65 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.06 | P = 0.12 |
| Obese | 4.75 | 0.75 | 5.20 | 0.56 | 4.57 | 0.55 | |||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 1.19 | 0.21 | 1.17 | 0.21 | 1.22 | 0.27 | P = 0.50 | P = 0.11 | P = 0.38 |
| Obese | 1.01 | 0.17 | 1.10 | 0.17 | 1.07 | 0.16 | |||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 2.69 | 0.61 | 2.87 | 0.74 | 2.60 | 0.78 | P = 0.0001 | P = 0.18 | P = 0.06 |
| Obese | 2.99 | 0.65 | 3.51 | 0.43 | 2.70 | 0.40 | |||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 0.96 | 0.46 | 0.77 | 0.16 | 1.02 | 0.62 | P = 0.05 | P = 0.01 | P = 0.88 |
| Obese | 1.65 | 1.10 | 1.35 | 0.83 | 1.75 | 1.17 | |||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 4.6 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 0.4 | P = 0.01 | P = 0.05 | P = 0.83 |
| Obese | 5.0 | 0.7 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 0.6 | |||
| Insulin (pmol/L) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 26.7 | 9.2 | 25.8 | 8.9 | 28.8 | 12.2 | P = 0.57 | P = 0.002 | P = 0.46 |
| Obese | 73.1 | 60.6 | 56.4 | 32.5 | 51.0 | 19.7 | |||
| Apo-B (g/L) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 0.77 | 0.13 | 0.80 | 0.16 | 0.80 | 0.17 | P = 0.04 | P = 0.05 | P = 0.16 |
| Obese∗ | 0.90 | 0.19 | 1.00 | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.17 | |||
| HOMA-IR (units) | |||||||||
| Normal-weight | 5.4 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 2.0 | 5.9 | 2.7 | P = 0.25 | P = 0.02 | P = 0.19 |
| Obese | 17.7 | 18.5 | 13.5 | 8.4 | 10.9 | 4.7 | |||
Session 1: baseline/before the onset of Ramadan.
Session 2: 2 weeks into the Ramadan fast.
Session 3: 1 week before the end of the Ramadan fast.
Session 4: 3-4 weeks following the end of the Ramadan fast.
Session 5: 16–20 weeks following the end of the Ramadan fast.
*n = 9 obese participants.
Note: SD: standard deviation; mmol: millimole; L: litre; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; pmol: picomole; Apo-B: apolipoprotein B; g: gram; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance.