Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by number of depressive symptoms
| Characteristics | Depressive Symptoms | p-valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | |||||
| 0 N=1795 | 1-2 N=1457 | 3-5 N= 669 | ≥6 N=229 | ||
| Age, years | 71.8 (6.1) | 72.6 (6.7) | 73.3 (7.0) | 73.3 (7.0) | <.001 |
| Education, years | 13.3 (3.5) | 12.4 (3.4) | 11.6 (3.2) | 11.1 (3.5) | <.001 |
| Women | 1,038 (58%) | 922 (63%) | 473 (71%) | 180 (79%) | <.001 |
| African Americans | 1,140 (64%) | 1,029 (71%) | 541 (81%) | 187 (82%) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 (5.4) | 28.6 (6.0) | 28.9 (6.4) | 30.6 (7.8) | <.001 |
| Chronic health conditions | 0.87 (.82) | 0.98 (.87) | 1.07 (.88) | 1.30 (.96) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 113 (6%) | 109 (7%) | 31 (9%) | 27 (12%) | .006 |
| MI1 | 147 (8%) | 170 (12%) | 79 (12%) | 43 (19%) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 873 (49%) | 758 (52%) | 375 (56%) | 154 (67%) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 98 (5%) | 99 (7%) | 62 (9%) | 26 (11%) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 297 (17%) | 248 (17%) | 122 (18%) | 45 (20%) | .56 |
| Hip fracture | 34 (2%) | 37 (3%) | 19 (3%) | 4 (2%) | .34 |
| Cognitive function | 0.4569 (.6217) | 0.3798 (.6155) | 0.2332 (.6848) | 0.1045 (.6891) | <.001 |
| Symbol digits | 34.4 (12.9) | 31.9 (12.3) | 28.3 (12.5) | 25.6 (12.1) | <.001 |
| Delayed recall | 8.5 (2.8) | 8.3 (2.8) | 7.8 (3.1) | 7.5 (3.1) | <.001 |
| Immediate recall | 9.0 (2.4) | 8.9 (2.5) | 8.4 (2.7) | 8.1 (2.8) | <.001 |
| MMSE2 | 27.4 (3.3) | 26.9 (3.7) | 26.0 (4.5) | 25.3 (5.0) | <.001 |
| APOE ε4 allele | 622 (35%) | 465 (32%) | 225 (34%) | 93 (41%) | .057 |
1
Myocardial Infarction
2
Mini-mental state examination
a
p-value is based on F-test for continuous or chi-square test for categorical measures