Table 2.

Study descriptions

Author, year	Meditation Program	Type of active control	Study Quality	Program Training (hrs)	Home- work (hrs)	Program duration (weeks), Study duration (months)	Outcomes	Outcome at end of treatment	Outcome at end of study	Population	N
Mindfulness Trials, Nonspecific Active Controls
Henderson, 201168	MBSR	NSAC	Fair	25	?	8 weeks, 24 months	Anxiety	ns	ns	breast cancer	100
							Depression		↑
							Positive affect		⊘
Gaylord, 201143	MBSR	NSAC	Fair	23*	Y	8 weeks, 3 months	Anxiety	⊘		IBS	75
							Depression	⊘	⊘
							Stress/Distress	⊘
							Pain
Schmidt, 201064	MBSR	NSAC	Fair	27	42	8 weeks, 4 months	Anxiety	⊘		fibromyalgia	109
							Depression	⊘	↑
							Sleep	⊘	⊘
							Pain	↑	⊘
Gross, 201044	MBSR	NSAC	Fair	27	Y	8 weeks, 6 months	Anxiety	↑	↑	organ transplant	137
							Depression	↑	↑
							Positive affect	⊘	↑
							Mental QoL	⊘	⊘
							Sleep	↑
							Pain	⊘	⊘
Morone, 200955	MBSR	NSAC	Good	12	42	8 weeks, 6 months	Pain	↑	⊘	Low back pain	35
Whitebird, 201272	MBSR	NSAC	Fair	25	26.7	8 weeks, 6 months	Anxiety	⊘	⊘	dementia caregivers	78
							Depression		↑
							Stress/Distress
							Mental QoL
SeyedAlinaghi, 201267	MBSR	NSAC	Poor	25*	y	8 weeks, 14 months	Stress/Distress	↑	↓	HIV	171
Pbert L, 201260	MBSR	NSAC	Good	26	24	8 weeks, 10 months	Stress/Distress	↑		Asthmatics	82
							Mental QoL	↑
Oken, 201058	MM	NSAC	Fair	9	Y	7 weeks	Depression	↑		dementia caregivers	19
							Stress/Distress	↑
							Sleep	⊘
Garland, 201042	MM	NSAC	Fair	?	17.5	10 weeks	Stress/Distress			alcohol	37
Mularski, 200956	MM	NSAC	Poor	8	Y	8 weeks	Stress/Distress	⊘		COPD	49
							Mental QoL	↑
Lee, 200650	MM	NSAC	Fair	8	Y	8 weeks	Anxiety			anxiety	41
							Depression	↑
Malarkey, 201252	MM	NSAC	Good	9	18.5	8 weeks	Depression	ns		CRP>3.0	186
							Stress/Distress	ns
							Sleep	ns
Chiesa, 201239	MBCT	NSAC	Fair	16	?	8 weeks	Anxiety	↑		depression	18
							Depression
							Positive affect
Hoge, 201378	MBSR	NSAC	Fair	20	18.7	8 weeks	Anxiety			anxiety	89
							Sleep
Nakamura, 201379	MM	NSAC	Fair	6	?	3 weeks, 3 months	Depression	⊘	↑	Cancer & insomnia	38
							Stress/Distress	↑	↑
							Positive affect	⊘	⊘
							Sleep	↑	↑

Author, year	Meditation Program	Type of active control	Study Quality	Program Training (hrs)	Home- work (hrs)	Program duration (weeks), Study duration (months)	Outcomes	Outcome at end of treatment	Outcome at end of study	Population	N
Mindfulness Trials, Specific Active Controls
Wong, 201174	MBSR	Pain AC	Good	27	Y	8 weeks, 6 months	Anxiety	⊘	⊘	chronic pain	99
							Depression	⊘	⊘
							Mental QoL	⊘	⊘
							Pain	⊘	⊘
Gross, 201145	MBSR	drug	Fair	26	36	8 weeks, 5 months	Anxiety	⊘	↑	insomnia	27
							Depression	↓	↓
							Mental QoL	⊘
							Sleep	↑	⊘
Koszycki, 200771	MBSR	CBGT	Poor	27.5	28	8 weeks	Anxiety	↓		anxiety	53
							Depression	⊘
Barrett, 201234	MBSR	Exercise	Fair	20	42	8 weeks, 5 months	Anxiety	⊘	⊘	cold/URI in past year	98
							Stress/Distress	⊘	⊘
							Positive affect	⊘	⊘
							Mental QoL	⊘	⊘
							Sleep	⊘	⊘
Jazaieri, 201248	MBSR	Exercise	Poor	25	28.3	8 weeks, 5 months	Anxiety	↑	⊘	Social anxiety disorder	56
							Depression	↑	↑
							Stress/Distress	↑
							Positive affect	↑
Moritz, 200654	MBSR	Spirituality	Good	12*	Y	8 weeks, 3 months	Anxiety			mood disturbance (POMS)	110
							Depression	↓
							Stress/Distress		↓
							Positive affect
							Mental QoL		↓
							Pain	↓
Plews-Ogan, 200563	MBSR	Massage	Poor	20	Y	8 weeks, 3 months	Mental QoL	↓	↑	chronic pain	23
							Pain	↓	↓
Hebert, 200146	MBSR	Nutrition Education	Fair	45*	?	15 weeks, 12 months	Eating	⊘	⊘	breast cancer	106
							Weight	⊘	⊘
Philippot, 201161	MBCT	Relaxation	Fair	13.5	Y	6 weeks, 3 months	Anxiety	↑	↑	Tinnitus	25
							Depression	↑	⊘
Segal, 201066	MBCT	drug	Good	23*	Y	8 weeks, 20 months	Depression		↑	depression	84
Kuyken, 200849	MBCT	drug	Good	24*	37.5	8 weeks, 15 months	Depression	↑	↑	depression	123
							Mental QoL
Piet, 201062	MBCT	CBGT	Fair	16	28	8 weeks	Anxiety	↓		social phobia	26
							Depression	↓
							Stress/Distress	↓
Delgado, 201040	MM	PMR	Fair	10	Y	5 weeks	Anxiety	⊘		worriers	32
							Depression	↑
							Stress/Distress	⊘
							Positive affect	⊘
Wolever, 201273	MM	Viniyoga	Fair	14	?	12 weeks	Depression	↑		stressed employees	186
							Stress/Distress	⊘
							Sleep	⊘
							Pain	↓
Miller, 201253	MM	Smart Choices	Poor	25	Y	12 weeks, 6 months	Eating	↓	↓	diabetes	52
							Weight	⊘	⊘
Brewer, 201137	MM	Lung Assoc FFS	Poor	12	Y	4 weeks, 4 months	Smoking	↑		smokers	71
Brewer, 200936	MM	CBT	Poor	9	?	9 weeks	Alcohol	⊘		alcohol	118
Arch, 201375	MM	CBT	Fair	18	29.2	10 weeks, 6 months	Anxiety	⊘	↑	anxiety	105
							Depression	↑	⊘
Omidi, 201380	MBCT	CBT	Poor	16	56	8 weeks	Anxiety	↓		depression	60
							Depression	↓
Ferraioli, 201377	MM	SBPT	Poor	16	?	8 weeks, 5 months	Stress/Distress			Stressed parents	15

Author, year	Meditation Program	Type of active control	Study Quality	Program Training (hrs)	Home- work (hrs)	Program duration (weeks), Study duration (months)	Outcomes	Outcome at end of treatment	Outcome at end of study	Population	N
Mantra Trials, Non-Specific Active Controls
Paul-Labrador, 200659	TM	NSAC	Good	39	Y	16 weeks	Anxiety	⊘		CAD	103
							Depression	↓
							Stress/Distress	↓
Jayadevappa, 200747	TM	NSAC	Good	22.5*	90	12 weeks, 6 months	Depression	↑	↑	CHF	23
							Stress/Distress	⊘	⊘
							Positive affect	⊘	⊘
							Pain	⊘	↑
Schneider, 201265	TM	NSAC	Good	~78*	1310	12 weeks, 5.4 yrs	Depression		↑	CAD	201
							Weight		ns
Smith, 197669	TM	NSAC	Poor	?	87.5	4 weeks, 6 months	Anxiety		⊘	anxious people	41
Elder, 200641	TM	NSAC	Fair	?	90	?	Weight	⊘		diabetes	54
Castillo-Richmond, 200038,38	TM	NSAC	Poor	?	120.6	12 weeks	Weight	⊘		hypertensive AA	60
Chattre, 201376	TM	NSAC	Fair	24	112	12 weeks, 6 months	Depression		↑	HIV	20
							Stress/Distress		↑
Bormann, 200635	Mantra	NSAC	Fair	7.5	Y	10 weeks, 6 months	Anxiety	↑	⊘	HIV	93
							Depression	⊘	↓
							Stress/Distress	⊘	⊘

Author, year	Meditation Program	Type of active control	Study Quality	Program Training (hrs)	Home- work (hrs)	Program duration (weeks), Study duration (months)	Outcomes	Outcome at end of treatment	Outcome at end of study	Population	N
Mantra Trials, Specific Active Controls
Taub, 199470	TM	Biofeedbck	Fair	19	?	4 weeks	Alcohol	⊘		alcohol	118
Lehrer, 198351	CSM	PMR	Fair	7.5	y	5 weeks, 6 months	Anxiety	⊘	↓	anxiety	42
							Depression	↓
Murphy, 198657	CSM	running	Poor	8	37.5	8 weeks	Alcohol			alcohol	27

^*=estimated; Ø=no effect (within + or − 5%); = improved and statistically significant; ↑= favors medita on > 5% but non significant; ↓=favors control > 5% but non significant; = worsened & statistically significant; ?= unclear; Y= yes, homework was prescribed but amount not specified; ns= not significant, not reported

MBSR = mindfulness-based stress reduction; MM = mindfulness meditation; MBCT = mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; TM = transcendental meditation; CSM = clinically standardized meditation

Mental QoL = Mental component of health-related quality of life; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FFS = Freedom From Smoking program; HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus; AA = African Americans; NSAC = Nonspecific active control; IBS = irritable bowel syndrome; PMR = progressive muscle relaxation; CBGT = cognitive behavioral group therapy; Pain AC = pain active control; Risk of Bias: L=low, M= Medium, H=high; SBPT = Skills-Based Parent Training program