Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants overall and by urine cadmium quartiles (n=3,348)
| Urine Cadmium Quartiles (μg/g creatinine) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ≤0.61 | 0.62–0.92 | 0.93–1.45 | > 1.45 | Test for trend | |
| Age (years); mean (SE), | 56.0 (0.1) | 55.0 (0.3) | 55.9 (0.3) | 56.0 (0.3) | 57.1 (0.3) | P<0.001 |
| Men; % (SE) | 40 (0.8) | 64 (1.6) | 40 (1.7) | 35 (1.6) | 18 (1.3) | P<0.001 |
| Post-menopausal women; % (SE)a | 76 (0.9) | 73 (2.5) | 75 (2.0) | 74 (1.9) | 80 (1.5) | P= 0.005 |
| < High school; % (SE) | 47 (0.9) | 39 (1.7) | 46 (1.7) | 49 (1.7) | 53 (1.7) | P <0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2); mean (SE) | 30.8 (0.1) | 31.9 (0.2) | 31.5 (0.2) | 30.4 (0.2) | 29.4 (0.2) | P <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Former smoking; % (SE) | 31 (0.8) | 42 (1.7) | 36 (1.7) | 25 (1.5) | 23 (1.5) | P <0.001 |
| Current smoking; % (SE) | 34 (0.8) | 21 (1.4) | 29 (1.6) | 42 (1.7) | 46 (1.7) | P <0.001 |
| Cumulative smoking (pack-years); mean (SE) | 10 (0.3) | 7 (0.6) | 9 (0.6) | 12 (0.6) | 14 (0.6) | P <0.001 |
| Current drinking; % (SE) | 42 (0.9) | 46 (1.7) | 43 (1.7) | 43 (1.7) | 38 (1.7) | P= 0.003 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL); mean (SE) | 116.8 (0.6) | 114.8 (1.1) | 115.9 (1.2) | 116.2 (1.2) | 120.1 (1.2) | P= 0.002 |
| Hypertension; % (SE) | 37 (0.8) | 40 (1.7) | 38 (1.7) | 36 (1.7) | 33 (1.6) | P= 0.001 |
| Diabetes; % (SE) | 48 (0.9) | 52 (1.7) | 51 (1.7) | 45 (1.7) | 43 (1.7) | P<0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73m2; % (SE) | 9.2 (0.5) | 9.3 (1.0) | 10.6 (1.1) | 7.9 (0.9) | 9.1 (1.0) | P= 0.48 |
a
Subsample of 2,027 women