Table 1.
Child and Maternal Characteristics of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children with and without an Echocardiogram within 3 months of the Biomarker Measurement.
| Echocardiogram within 3 months of biomarker | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No (n = 244) | Yes (n = 94) | Total (n = 338) | P Value |
| Child Demographic and Birth Characteristics | ||||
| Age at biomarker, Mean (SD) | 4.28 (0.82) | 4.22 (0.85) | 4.26 (0.83) | 0.58 |
| BMI Z-score, Mean (SD) | 0.42 (1.39) | 0.38 (1.34) | 0.40 (1.38) | 0.63 |
| Female sex | 122 (50%) | 47 (50%) | 169 (50%) | 1.00 |
| Non-White | 146 (65%) | 60 (70%) | 206 (66%) | 0.50 |
| Latino/Hispanic | 108 (44%) | 36 (38%) | 144 (43%) | 0.33 |
| Gestational age <37 weeks | 43 (18%) | 21 (22%) | 64 (19%) | 0.44 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 grams) | 46 (19%) | 21 (22%) | 67 (20%) | 0.54 |
| Neonatal ARV prophylaxis with zidovudine only | 235 (96%) | 89 (95%) | 324 (96%) | 0.73 |
| Maternal Factors/Exposures during Pregnancy | ||||
| Age <25 years at birth of child | 76 (32%) | 28 (30%) | 104 (31%) | 0.79 |
| Household income <$20,000 | 162 (70%) | 61 (71%) | 223 (71%) | 1.00 |
| Caregiver <HS education | 85 (36%) | 27 (29%) | 112 (34%) | 0.30 |
| Maternal RNA >1000 copies/mL | 35 (16%) | 19 (22%) | 54 (17%) | 0.24 |
| Maternal CD4 <250 cells/mm3 prior to labor and delivery | 22 (10%) | 9 (11%) | 31 (10%) | 0.83 |
| Maternal Substance Use During Pregnancy | ||||
| Illicit drug use | 19 (9%) | 10 (12%) | 29 (10%) | 0.52 |
| Hard drug use (cocaine/opiate) | 6 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 8 (3%) | 1.00 |
| Alcohol use | 17 (8%) | 7 (8%) | 24 (8%) | 1.00 |
| Tobacco use | 43 (20%) | 18 (21%) | 61 (21%) | 1.00 |
BMI=Body mass index; HS=High school; CD4=CD4+ T-cell count; RNA=HIV-1 RNA copies; SD=standard deviation. Percentages are based on non-missing observations, P value by t-test for continuous covariates and by Fisher's Exact test for categorical measures.