Table 2.
Adjusted Logistic Regression Models for Association of Elevated Biomarker Levels with in utero Antiretroviral Exposure
| Exposure | Percent Exposed | hsCRP* | NT-proBNP† | cTnT‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | P Value | aOR (95% CI) | P Value | aOR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Exposure at any time during pregnancy | |||||||
| n = 323 | n = 272 | n = 289 | |||||
| HAART | 84% | 0.91 (0.46, 1.81) | 0.79 | 1.00 (0.43, 2.33) | 0.99 | 1.83 (0.58, 5.70) | 0.30 |
| NRTI | 97% | --- | - | 0.08 (0.01, 0.85) | 0.04 | 0.62 (0.06, 5.91) | 0.67 |
| NNRTI | 23% | 0.73 (0.39, 1.37) | 0.33 | 1.06 (0.53, 2.15) | 0.87 | 1.27 (0.56, 2.87) | 0.57 |
| PI | 69% | 1.09 (0.62, 1.91) | 0.77 | 0.93 (0.48, 1.80) | 0.83 | 1.07 (0.49, 2.32) | 0.87 |
| Exposure During the 1st Trimester of Pregnancy | |||||||
| HAART | 42% | 1.55 (0.93, 2.60) | 0.09 | 0.79 (0.43, 1.46) | 0.45 | 1.22 (0.62, 2.43) | 0.57 |
| NRTI | 50% | 1.44 (0.86, 2.41) | 0.16 | 0.60 (0.33, 1.11) | 0.10 | 0.97 (0.49, 1.93) | 0.93 |
| NNRTI | 13% | 0.93 (0.44, 1.99) | 0.86 | 0.65 (0.25, 1.69) | 0.38 | 1.00 (0.35, 2.83) | 1.00 |
| PI | 32% | 1.57 (0.91, 2.70) | 0.10 | 0.92 (0.48, 1.76) | 0.80 | 1.02 (0.49, 2.09) | 0.97 |
| Exposure to Individual ARV Agents (restricted to children with in utero HAART exposure) | |||||||
| n = 270 | n = 231 | n = 243 | |||||
| Zidovudine | 85% | 1.20 (0.52, 2.80) | 0.67 | 1.39 (0.52, 3.72) | 0.51 | 0.41 (0.17, 1.01) | 0.05 |
| Lamivudine | 59% | 1.27 (0.40, 4.00) | 0.69 | 0.60 (0.21, 1.77) | 0.36 | 0.71 (0.23, 2.15) | 0.54 |
| Abacavir | 25% | 1.08 (0.53, 2.20) | 0.84 | 0.64 (0.26, 1.60) | 0.34 | 2.33 (1.03, 5.26) | 0.04 |
| Didanosine | 7% | 0.54 (0.17, 1.65) | 0.28 | 0.89 (0.24, 3.37) | 0.87 | 0.98 (0.21, 4.64) | 0.98 |
| Stavudine | 8% | 0.45 (0.15, 1.39) | 0.17 | 0.13 (0.02, 0.99) | 0.05 | 0.89 (0.24, 3.31) | 0.86 |
| Tenofovir | 17% | 1.14 (0.56, 2.32) | 0.73 | 1.11 (0.50, 2.46) | 0.79 | 1.37 (0.58, 3.24) | 0.47 |
| Emtricitabine | 4% | 1.22 (0.31, 4.88) | 0.78 | 2.05 (0.55, 7.65) | 0.29 | 0.81 (0.16, 4.10) | 0.79 |
| Efavirenz | 4% | 1.97 (0.53, 7.32) | 0.31 | 1.28 (0.24, 6.78) | 0.77 | 1.51 (0.30, 7.73) | 0.62 |
| Nevirapine | 20% | 0.63 (0.31, 1.29) | 0.21 | 1.06 (0.50, 2.25) | 0.89 | 1.13 (0.46, 2.77) | 0.80 |
| Nelfinavir | 47% | 1.52 (0.85, 2.70) | 0.16 | 0.87 (0.46, 1.68) | 0.69 | 0.56 (0.26, 1.18) | 0.13 |
| Indinavir§ | 3% | --- | - | --- | - | 0.67 (0.07, 6.57) | 0.73 |
| Saquinavir | 4% | 0.49 (0.10, 2.29) | 0.37 | 0.69 (0.13, 3.59) | 0.66 | 0.62 (0.07, 5.09) | 0.65 |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir | 20% | 0.79 (0.40, 1.55) | 0.49 | 1.10 (0.53, 2.31) | 0.80 | 1.23 (0.56, 2.74) | 0.60 |
aOR=adjusted odds ratio, CI=confidence interval, HAART=highly active antiretroviral therapy, NRTI=nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, PI=protease inhibitor. NT-proBNP=N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; hsCRP=high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; cTnT=cardiac troponin T.
Logistic regression models adjusted for:
(hsCRP) - age at biomarker draw and gestational age at birth <37 weeks
(NT-proBNP) - sex, ethnicity, birth weight <2500g, maternal viral load during pregnancy, and maternal tobacco use during pregnancy
(cTnT) - age at biomarker draw, mother's age at delivery, and maternal alcohol use during pregnancy
Unable to estimate odds ratio of elevated biomarker due to small cell counts.