Table 2.
Study outcomes: change from baseline by study group at 4 and 12 month follow-up. Data are for returnees, except as noted.
| 4 months | 12 months | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | n | Baseline | 4 months | Change (4 months minus baseline, 95% CI) |
P- value |
n | Baseline | 12 months | Change (12 months minus baseline, 95% CI) |
P-value |
| Framingham Risk Scorea: primary study outcome is change in risk score at 4 month follow-up -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 176 | 17.0 (0.5) | 14.7 (0.4) | −2.3 (–3.0 to −1.6) | <.001 | 168 | 17.1 (0.5) | 15.1 (0.5) | −1.9 (−2.8 to −1.1) | <.001 |
| Web | 171 | 16.8 (0.4) | 15.2 (0.5) | −1.5 (−2.2 to −0.9) | <.001 | 160 | 16.7 (0.4) | 15.0 (0.5) | −1.7 (−2.6 to −0.8) | <.001 |
| Framingham Risk Score: no change from baseline imputed for those lost to follow-up - - mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 191 | 17.0 (0.4) | 14.8 (0.4) | −2.1 (−2.7 to −1.5) | <.001 | 189 | 16.9 (0.4) | 15.2 (0.5) | −1.7 (−2.5 to −1.0) | <.001 |
| Web | 190 | 16.9 (0.4) | 15.6 (0.4) | −1.4 (−1.9 to −0.8) | <.001 | 186 | 16.8 (0.4) | 15.4 (0.4) | −1.5 (−2.2 to −0.7) | <.001 |
| Components of the Framingham Risk Score Assessed at Follow-up | ||||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 176 | 134 (1.2) | 131 (1.2) | −3.0 (−5.5 to −0.5) | .02 | 169 | 134 (1.3) | 131 (1.4) | −3.2 (−6.0 to −0.4) | .02 |
| Web | 170 | 134 (1.4) | 133 (1.3) | −1.2 (−4.0 to 1.6) | .39 | 164 | 134 (1.4) | 133 (1.5) | −0.9 (−3.9 to 2.0) | .53 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 196 (3.5) | 188 (3.5) | −8.4 (−13.3 to −3.5) | <.001 | 170 | 196 (3.6) | 188 (3.6) | −7.6 (−12.6 to −2.6) | .003 |
| Web | 173 | 191 (3.6) | 187 (2.9) | −4.1 (−9.4 to 1.3) | .13 | 166 | 190 (3.6) | 187 (3.2) | −3.6 (−10.1 to 3.0) | .28 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 41 (0.8) | 43 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.4 to 2.3) | .004 | 170 | 41 (0.8) | 42 (0.8) | 0.4 (−0.6 to 1.5) | .42 |
| Web | 173 | 40 (0.8) | 42 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.7 to 2.8) | .001 | 166 | 40 (0.8) | 42 (0.9) | 2.2 (1.0 to 3.3) | <.001 |
| Smoking -- no. (%) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 48 (27%) | 39 (22%) | −5% (−9% to −1%) | .01 | 170 | 45 (26%) | 33(19%) | −7% (−11% to −3%) | .001 |
| Web | 173 | 50 (29%) | 43(25%) | −4% (−8% to −.3%) | ..03 | 166 | 48 (29%) | 39 (23%) | −5% (−10% to −1%) | .01 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||
| Fat quality screener scoreb -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 4.8 (0.2) | 4.1 (0.1) | −0.8 (−1.1 to −0.4) | <.001 | 170 | 4.9 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.1) | −0.6 (−1.0 to −0.2) | .001 |
| Web | 173 | 5.1 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.1) | −0.9 (−1.3 to −0.6) | <.001 | 166 | 5.1 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.1) | −0.8 (−1.1 to −0.4) | <.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable servings per day -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.5 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) | .001 | 170 | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.5 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) | .01 |
| Web | 173 | 4.0 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.0 to 0.5) | .04 | 166 | 4.1 (0.1) | 4.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.5) | .02 |
| Carotenoid index, mcg/dLc -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 152 | 35.4 (1.9) | 35.6 (1.7) | 0.2 (−2.2 to 2.7) | .41 | 140 | 34.8 (1.9) | 36.8 (1.9) | 2.0 (−0.6 to 4.7) | .07 |
| Web | 147 | 34.6 (1.7) | 34.4 (1.6) | −0.2 (−2.3 to 1.9) | .74 | 142 | 34.4 (1.7) | 34.6 (1.7) | 0.2 (−2.1 to 2.4) | .99 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Questionnaire—total walk time -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 77 (12) | 132 (19) | 55 (14 to 96) | .009 | 170 | 78 (12) | 95 (9) | 17 (−10 to 45) | .22 |
| Web | 173 | 83 (13) | 113(13) | 30 (0 to 61) | .06 | 166 | 84 (13) | 143 (24) | 59 (8 to 110) | .02 |
| Pedometer, total steps assessed during prior week -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 59 | 4767 (292) | 5657 (390) | 889 (274 to 1505) | .005 | 62 | 4619 (317) | 5254 (364) | 635 (135 to 1135) | .01 |
| Web | 62 | 4783 (344) | 5317 (339) | 533 (92 to 974) | .02 | 58 | 4996 (350) | 5176 (365) | 180 (−358 to 719) | .50 |
| Medication use | ||||||||||
| Morisky questionnaire for medication adherence—high adherence -- no. (%) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 152 | 49 (32%) | 69 (45%) | 13% (4% to 22%) | .006 | 145 | 49 (34%) | 80 (55%) | 21% (11% to 32%) | <.001 |
| Web | 153 | 57(37%) | 86 (56%) | 19% (10% to 28%) | <.001 | 147 | 55 (37%) | 82 (56%) | 18% (8% to 28%) | <.001 |
| Taking blood pressure medication- - no. (%) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 133 (75%) | 141 (80%) | 5% (0.1% to 9%) | .05 | 170 | 127 (75%) | 141 (83%) | 8% (4% to 13%) | <.001 |
| Web | 173 | 132 (76%) | 134 (77%) | 1% (−2% to 4%) | .48 | 166 | 127 (77%) | 131 (79%) | 2% (−2% to 6%) | .25 |
| Taking cholesterol medication -- no. (%) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 110(62%) | 119 (67%) | 5% (−0.4% to 1%) | .07 | 170 | 106 (62%) | 113 (66%) | 4% (−2% to 10%) | .19 |
| Web | 173 | 105 (61%) | 104 (60%) | −0.6% (−6% to 5%) | .84 | 166 | 101 (61%) | 98 (59%) | −2% (−8% to 5%) | .59 |
| Taking aspirin -- no. (%) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 76(43%) | 104 (59%) | 16% (10% to 22%) | <.001 | 170 | 72 (42%) | 104 (61%) | 19% (12% to 26%) | <.001 |
| Web | 173 | 84 (48%) | 111 (64%) | 16% (9% to 22%) | <.001 | 166 | 80 (48%) | 105 (63%) | 15% (7% to 23%) | <.001 |
| Other outcomes | ||||||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 176 | 80 (0.7) | 77 (0.8) | −1.4 (−2.8 to 0.0) | .06 | 169 | 78 (0.8) | 77 (0.8) | −1.0 (−2.5 to 0.4) | .17 |
| Web | 170 | 80 (1.0) | 79 (0.9) | −0.8 (−2.4 to 0.8) | .34 | 164 | 80 (1.0) | 79 (1.0) | −0.2 (−1.8 to 1.4) | .81 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL, -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 124 (3.0) | 120 (3.2) | −4.5 (−9.1 to 0.1) | .05 | 170 | 124 (3.1) | 119 (3.1) | −4.9 (−9.7 to −0.1) | .04 |
| Web | 173 | 120 (3.0) | 118 (2.6) | −1.2 (−5.5 to 3.0) | .57 | 166 | 119 (3.0) | 117 (2.9) | −2.0 (−7.0 to 3.0) | .43 |
| Weight in kg -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 95 (1.7) | 95 (1.7) | −0.5 (−1.0 to 0.0) | .04 | 170 | 95 (1.7) | 94 (1.7) | −1.0 (−1.7 to −0.2) | .01 |
| Web | 173 | 97 (1.6) | 96 (1.5) | −1.1 (−1.6 to −0.5) | <.001 | 166 | 97 (1.6) | 95 (1.6) | −1.5 (−2.3 to −0.8) | <.001 |
| HgbA1c (overall) -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 176 | 7.0 (0.1) | 6.8 (0.1) | −0.3 (−0.4 to −0.1) | .002 | 170 | 7.0 (0.1) | 6.9 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.0) | .03 |
| Web | 173 | 6.8 (0.1) | 6.7 (0.1) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) | .41 | 166 | 6.7 (0.1) | 6.8 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) | .28 |
| HgbA1c for those with diabetes -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 111 | 7.6 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | −0.3 (−0.6 to −0.1) | .01 | 107 | 7.6 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.0) | .10 |
| Web | 98 | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | −0.1(−0.3 to 0.1) | .31 | 96 | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.5 (0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | .46 |
| hsCRP -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 4.7 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.3) | −1.1 (−2.1 to −0.1) | .03 | 170 | 4.5 (0.6) | 5.0 (0.9) | 0.5 (−1.1 to 2.1) | .52 |
| Web | 173 | 4.7 (0.9) | 3.8 (0.4) | −0.9 (−2.5 to 0.6) | .25 | 166 | 4.8 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.5) | −0.5 (−2.3 to 1.3) | .57 |
| QOL, SF-12 Mental composite-- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 52 (0.4) | 53 (0.4) | 0.5 (−0.5 to 1.5) | .32 | 170 | 52 (0.4) | 53 (0.4) | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3) | .60 |
| Web | 173 | 53 (0.5) | 52 (0.4) | −0.3 (−1.2 to 0.7) | .61 | 166 | 53 (0.5) | 53 (0.4) | 0.1 (−0.9 to 1.2) | .83 |
| QOL, SF-12 Physical composite -- mean (SE) | ||||||||||
| Counselor | 177 | 43 (0.9) | 45 (0.9) | 2.4 (1.0 to 3.7) | <.001 | 170 | 43 (0.9) | 45 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.7 to 3.6) | .003 |
| Web | 173 | 42 (0.9) | 44 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.3 to 3.0) | .02 | 166 | 42 (0.9) | 45 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.6 to 3.8) | .01 |
a
Framingham risk scores calculated as percent chance of developing angina, myocardial infarction, or coronary heart disease death over a 10 year time frame for those who did not developed cardiovascular disease from baseline to follow-up.
b
A lower score indicates improved fat quality.
c
Carotenoid index, calculated as the sum of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. Data presented are for nonsmokers. A higher index indicates greater fruit and vegetable consumption. Statistical tests performed on log transformed data.
Abbreviations: HCL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; RESIDE, RESIDential Environment Project; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein Cholesterol; HgbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; QOL, quality of life.