Figure 3.

Ras effector pathways in skin carcinogenesis. Signaling components in bold have been directly investigated for their in vivo functions during skin tumor development. The roles of TGF-α, SOS, Ras, PLC-ε, RalGDS, Raf-1, Stat3, Pten, and Tiam1 are described in detail in the text. The rest are summarized in Table 1.