Table 1.

Biological molecule detection with magnetic sensors.

Study	Sensor type	Principal Investigators	Magnetic labels	The lowest concentration measured	Ref.
Kötitz et al (1997)	SQUID	L. Trahms	dextran coated iron oxide particles (13 nm)	100 pM of collagen type III	[49]
Chemla et al (2000)	SQUID	J. Clarke	Magnetite (30–40 nm, multiple cores)	5×104 of nanoparticles (700 µM of liposome)	[50]
Enpuku et al (2006)	SQUID	K. Enpuku	Fe3O4 (25 nm)	40 fM of IgE	[51]
Edelstein et al (2000)	GMR	L. Whitman	Dynal M-280 (2.8 µm)	DNA hybridization	[61]
Graham et al (2005)	GMR	P. Freitas	Nanomag-D (250 nm)	10 pM of DNA hybridization	[62]
Dittmer et al (2008)	GMR	M. Prins	Ademtech (500 nm)	0.8 pM of parathyroid hormone (PTH)	[63]
Gaster et al (2009)	GMR	S. X. Wang	Miltenyi (50 nm)	5 fM of CEA (50 aM of CEA with amplification)	[21]
Shen et al (2008)	MTJ	G. Xiao	Fe3O4 (16 nm)	2.5 µM of DNA hybridization	[54]
Aytur et al (2006)	Hall sensor	B. Boser	15% magnetite (4.1 µm)	6.7 pM of IgG (1ng/mL)	[64]
Perez et al (2002)	NMR	R. Weissleder	CLIO nanoparticle (25–40 nm, multiple 3–5 nm cores)	A nM range of GFP and CA-125	[58]