Table 1. Clinical and laboratory features of the subjects included in the study*.
| Characteristics | Discovery cohort | Replication cohort | Combined cohort | ||||||
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | ||||
| Non-HF | HF | Non-HF | HF | Non-HF | HF | ||||
| Sample size | 148 | 377 | 532 | 147 | 342 | 1247 | 295 | 719 | 1779 |
| Age (ys) | |||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 43.5±9.8 | 47.2±6.2 | 33.0±9.2 | 47.9±7.7 | 41.3±8.4 | 35.6±12.3 | 45.9±10.1 | 44.6±8.3 | 34.8±11.1 |
| Gender (%) | |||||||||
| Female | 87 (58.78) | 45 (11.94) | 173 (32.52) | 64 (43.54) | 51 (14.91) | 543 (43.54) | 151 (51.19) | 96 (13.35) | 716 (40.25) |
| Male | 61 (41.22) | 332 (88.06) | 359 (67.48) | 83 (56.46) | 291 (85.09) | 704 (56.46) | 144 (48.81) | 623 (86.65) | 1063 (59.75) |
| BMI, kg/m2, (±SD) | |||||||||
| Female | 21.2±2.0 | 20.4±1.9 | 21.9±2.1 | 22.7±1.8 | 21.4±2.3 | 22.2±2.2 | 21.9±1.9 | 20.9±2.2 | 22.1±2.2 |
| Male | 22.5±1.9 | 19.0±2.1 | 22.0±2.1 | 21.3±2.6 | 20.8±2.0 | 22.7±2.3 | 21.8±2.4 | 19.7±2.0 | 22.5±2.3 |
| Smoking (n, %) | 45 (30.41) | 204 (54.11) | 115 (21.62) | 39 (26.53) | 118 (34.50) | 357 (28.63) | 84 (28.47) | 322 (44.78) | 472 (26.53) |
| Drinking (n, %) | 23 (15.54) | 115 (30.50) | 147 (27.63) | 27 (18.37) | 109 (31.87) | 246 (19.73) | 50 (16.95) | 224 (31.15) | 393 (22.09) |
| Durations schistosomiasis (ys, mean ± SD) | 27.3±14.8 | 25.6±13.5 | n/a | 26.7±14.6 | 28.5±16.4 | n/a | 27.0±14.7 | 27.1±15.9 | n/a |
| Fibrosis grade (%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 148 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 532 (100) | 147 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 1247 (100) | 295 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 1779 (100) |
| I | 0 (0) | 161 (42.71) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 127 (37.13) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 288 (40.06) | 0 (0) |
| II | 0 (0) | 126 (33.42) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 129 (37.72) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 255 (35.47) | 0 (0) |
| III | 0 (0) | 71 (18.83) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 58 (16.96) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 129 (17.94) | 0 (0) |
| IV | 0 (0) | 19 (5.04) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 28 (8.19) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 47 (6.54) | 0 (0) |
| Hepatomegaly (%)† | 14 (9.46) | 101 (26.79) | 0 (0) | 11 (7.48) | 115 (33.63) | 0 (0) | 25 (8.47) | 216 (30.04) | 0 (0) |
| Splenomegaly (%)‡ | 4 (2.70) | 47 (12.47) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.04) | 38 (11.11) | 0 (0) | 7 (2.37) | 85 (11.82) | 0 (0) |
| Hemoglobin level g/dL, mean (±SD) | 12.4±2.7 | 11.1±2.5 | 12.3±2.4 | 12.1±2.6 | 11.5±2.8 | 12.5±2.5 | 12.2±2.7 | 11.4±2.7 | 12.5±2.4 |
| Corpuscular volume, mean (fL, ±SD) | 89.5±7.0 | 93.2±9.8 | 88.7±8.5 | 90.7±7.5 | 91.2±10.1 | 89.5±8.1 | 89.9±7.4 | 92.3±9.9 | 89.1±8.3 |
| WBC, mean(×109/L, ±SD) | 5.9±2.0 | 4.9±1.7 | 7.3±2.3 | 6.7±2.4 | 5.8±3.0 | 7.5±2.4 | 6.3±2.2 | 5.4±2.6 | 7.4±2.4 |
| Eosinophile granulocyte, mean (×109/L, ±SD) | 0.30±0.09 | 0.46±0.06 | No data | 0.27±0.07 | 0.47±0.10 | No data | 0.28±0.08 | 0.46±0.08 | No data |
| HBV (HBsAg +, %) | 7 (4.73) | 24 (6.37) | 0 (0) | 13 (8.84) | 29 (8.48) | 0 (0) | 20 (6.78) | 53 (7.37) | 0 (0) |
| Anti-HCV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Anti- tubercle bacillus | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Serum AFP (n, %) | |||||||||
| <25 ng/ml | 146 (98.65) | 308 (81.70) | 532 (100) | 144 (97.96) | 284 (83.04) | 1247 (100) | 290 (98.31) | 592 (82.34) | 1779 (100) |
| ≥25 ng/ml | 2 (1.35) | 69 (18.30) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.04) | 58 (16.96) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.69) | 127 (17.66) | 0 (0) |
| Liver function (mean ± SD) | |||||||||
| T-Bil (µmol/L) | 14.1±9.5 | 28.6±20.9 | 11.8±6.9 | 17.5±8.2 | 30.0±19.0 | 11.2±7.2 | 15.9±9.2 | 29.2±20.5 | 11.6±7.2 |
| ALB (g/L) | 41.1±6.8 | 35.6±7.4 | 43.5±7.2 | 44.5±7.0 | 34.9±6.6 | 43.8±7.6 | 42.7±6.9 | 35.3±7.2 | 43.6±7.5 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 30.6±11.3 | 45.0±22.7 | 21.8±13.7 | 27.2±12.9 | 39.0±19.9 | 23.3±8.5 | 28.6±12.5 | 42.1±21.9 | 22.6±13.4 |
*HF, hepatic fibrosis; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; HBV, hepatitis B virus; AFP, alpha-fetal protein; T-Bil, total bilirubin; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine transaminase.
†
Length of left liver lobe, a longitudinal section at left parasternal line. Length of right liver lobe, anterior axillary view and maximum oblique diameter between front and back sections with inspiration.
‡
Thickness of spleen from hilum to opposite section. Length of spleen in left oblique view with maximum length in a section through the splenic hilus.