Table 1.
Univariate Associations Between Demographic, Injury, Clinical Characteristics and Suicidal Ideation During Hospitalization and Longitudinally Across 12-Months
| Characteristics | Hospitalization | Longitudinally Across 12-Months^ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Not Suicidal % (n = 152) |
Suicidal % (n = 54) |
RR | Lower CI | Upper CI | RR | Lower CI | Upper CI | |
| Demographic | |||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 39.1(13.2) | 37.3(13.0) | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 1.02* | 1.00 | 1.03 | |
| Female | 99 | 49.3 | 44.4 | 0.86 | 0.54 | 1.37 | 1.13 | 0.76 | 1.68 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 123 | 56.6 | 68.5 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Black | 38 | 21.0 | 11.1 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 0.90 | 0.56 | 1.42 |
| American Indian | 27 | 14.5 | 9.3 | 0.62 | 0.27 | 1.42 | 1.15 | 0.62 | 2.14 |
| Asian | 12 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 0.83 | 0.30 | 2.30 | 0.73 | 0.22 | 2.49 |
| Latino | 6 | 2.0 | 5.6 | 1.66 | 0.71 | 3.87 | 0.37 | 0.07 | 1.87 |
| High school or equivalent degree | 109 | 54.0 | 50.0 | 0.89 | 0.56 | 1.41 | 1.36 | 0.91 | 2.04 |
| Marital status | 154 | 74.3 | 75.9 | 1.06 | 0.62 | 1.83 | 1.07 | 0.70 | 1.64 |
| Not married | |||||||||
| Homeless/Shelter | 19 | 8.0 | 13.0 | 1.46 | 0.77 | 2.77 | 1.64 | 0.73 | 3.68 |
| Medical Insurance | |||||||||
| None | 50 | 23.0 | 27.8 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Public | 111 | 52.6 | 57.4 | 0.93 | 0.55 | 1.57 | 1.31 | 0.78 | 2.18 |
| Private | 45 | 24.4 | 14.8 | 0.59 | 0.28 | 1.27 | 0.65 | 0.33 | 1.26 |
| Household income | |||||||||
| ≥ $30,000 | 55 | 27.0 | 25.9 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| < $30,000 | 82 | 38.8 | 42.6 | 1.10 | 0.62 | 1.95 | 1.22 | 0.78 | 1.93 |
| Unknown | 69 | 34.2 | 31.5 | 0.97 | 0.52 | 1.79 | 0.97 | 0.58 | 1.62 |
| Have Children | 122 | 62.9 | 50.0 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 0.72 | 1.62 |
| Acute care injury & medical | |||||||||
| Injury severity category | |||||||||
| 0–8 | 46 | 23.0 | 20.4 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 9–15 | 92 | 47.4 | 37.0 | 0.91 | 0.48 | 1.74 | 0.79 | 0.49 | 1.28 |
| ≥ 16 | 68 | 29.6 | 42.6 | 1.41 | 0.76 | 2.62 | 1.14 | 0.70 | 1.84 |
| Traumatic brain injury | |||||||||
| None | 127 | 64.5 | 53.7 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Mild | 55 | 25.6 | 29.6 | 1.27 | 0.75 | 2.15 | 1.22 | 0.78 | 1.91 |
| Moderate/severe | 24 | 9.9 | 16.7 | 1.64 | 0.89 | 3.02 | 1.72 | 1.02 | 2.90 |
| Injury type, assault | 47 | 19.7 | 31.5 | 1.55 | 0.97 | 2.50 | 1.73 | 1.14 | 2.61 |
| Treated in Intensive Care Unit | 70 | 30.9 | 42.6 | 1.44 | 0.91 | 2.28 | 1.27 | 0.84 | 1.92 |
| Clinical | |||||||||
| History of mental health services | 149 | 68.4 | 83.3 | 1.91* | 1.27 | 3.10 | 1.84 | 0.99 | 3.43 |
| Trauma history screen ≥ 4 | 161 | 74.3 | 88.9 | 2.24* | 1.02 | 4.90 | 1.52 | 0.91 | 2.53 |
| History of posttraumatic stress | 130 | 62.5 | 64.8 | 1.08 | 0.66 | 1.75 | 1.84 | 1.19 | 2.85 |
| History of major depressive episode | 181 | 84.9 | 96.3 | 3.59* | 0.93 | 13.88 | 1.66 | 0.59 | 4.68 |
| Baseline 1st PCL-C total score, mean (SD)† | 49.5(9.8) | 53.8(11.7) | 1.03* | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 | |
| Baseline PHQ-8 depression total score, mean (SD)† | 12.6(5.0) | 16.1(4.9) | 1.11*** | 1.06 | 1.17 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.05 | |
| SF12 mental function | 44.7(11.9) | 38.6(11.4) | 0.97** | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | |
| SF12 physical function | 49.8(10.9) | 48.4(12.0) | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.998 | |
| Pre-injury AUDIT-C score, mean (SD) | 3.3(3.1) | 3.5(3.7) | 1.01 | 0.94 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 1.07 | |
| Positive blood alcohol on admission | 73 | 33.6 | 40.7 | 1.25 | 0.79 | 1.99 | 1.58* | 1.07 | 2.33 |
| Positive for single item substance use screening | 50 | 19.1 | 38.9 | 1.99** | 1.27 | 3.10 | 0.83 | 0.50 | 1.35 |
| Positive for single item marijuana screening | 70 | 30.9 | 42.6 | 1.44 | 0.91 | 2.28 | 0.54* | 0.35 | 0.83 |
| Urine toxicology screen positive for substance use | 107 | 53.3 | 48.2 | 0.86 | 0.54 | 1.36 | 1.11 | 0.75 | 1.64 |
| Urine toxicology screen positive for marijuana | 34 | 15.8 | 18.5 | 1.15 | 0.64 | 2.06 | 0.99 | 0.59 | 1.67 |
| Pain Rating | 6.9(2.1) | 6.8(2.2) | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 1.23 | |
| Use weapon to harm other | 8 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 1.99 | 0.95 | 4.16 | 1.06 | 0.40 | 2.78 |
| Arrested for violent crime | 22 | 10.2 | 13.2 | 1.23 | 0.64 | 2.39 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 1.33 |
| Injury-related legal proceedings | 8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 0.95 | 0.28 | 3.22 | 4.12 | 2.53 | 6.70 |
| Number of posttraumatic concerns | 1.5(0.7) | 1.5(0.9) | 1.10 | 0.85 | 1.43 | 0.82 | 0.64 | 1.06 | |
†
For PCL-C and PHQ-8 baseline assessments inpatients were asked to report symptoms since the injury event.
Abbreviations: AUDIT-C, The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption Items; PCL-C, PTSD Checklist Civilian Version; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SD, standard deviation, CI, confidence interval, RR, risk ratio
^
All longitudinal models adjust for time and baseline suicidal ideation
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001