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. 2014 Aug 5;5:4572. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5572

Figure 1. VER2 influences TaVRN1 expression and accelerates flowering.

Figure 1

(a) Morphological phenotype (110 DAG) and heading time or heading rate (130 DAG) of VER2-OE transgenic wheat compared with wild-type JH9 under natural vernalization in the field (in Bashang, Hebei province, China). DAG, day after germination; data are means±s.d. of 30 plants for each line. Student’s t-test showed the statistical significance, *P<0.05; **P<0.01. Scale bar, 5 cm. (b) Heading time of VER2-OE transgenic wheat compared with wild-type JH9 in the greenhouse under long-day (16 h light/8 h dark) condition after different days of cold exposure, data shown are mean±s.d. of 30 plants for each line. Student’s t-test showed the statistical significance, *P<0.05; **P<0.01. (c) Transcript level of the key flowering genes TaVRN1 and TaVRN2 in VER2-OE, VER2-Ri and wild-type JH9 or JD1 plants (normalized to Tubulin). The expression levels of TaVRN1 and TaVRN2 in wild-type JH9 or JD1 at V0 (non-vernalized plant, grown in long-day condition at 20 °C for 5 days) are set as 1. Relative expression fold change in transgenic plants after different cold exposure is shown. V10–30, plants are grown in long-day conditions at 22 °C for 3 days, then transferred to 4 °C for 10–30 days, above ground part of 15 seedlings per sample were collected at 4 °C for RNA extraction. Data are means±s.d. of three parallel samples. (d) Histone modification (H3K4me3) at TaVRN1 chromatin loci during the course of vernalization in VER2-OE, VER2-Ri and wild-type JH9 or JD1. The regions amplified (I–V) after ChIP is shown in the schematic diagram of the TaVRN1 gene structure. The data were first normalized to input sample, then normalized to ACTIN. The amounts of precipitated DNA in wild-type (WT) JH9/JD1 at V0 were set as 1 and relative fold changes in transgenic plants compared with wild type under different cold exposure times are given. Data are means±s.d. of three parallel samples. V30* means V30 vernalization treatment followed by normal temperature (20 °C) growth for 2 days.