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. 2014 Aug 22;5:4705. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5705

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(a) The ladder of Dicke states of an N atom system, with emission (red) and absorption (blue) processes. In the presence of interactions Ω≠0, the frequency shift of each transition is given by ω_A+δ_M. (b) The effective two-level system (E2LS) picture with the optional trapping process for energy extraction in the dashed box. (c) A scheme for using the environment to confine the ladder of states into an effective two-level system either by tailoring the spectral density κ(ω) or the mode occupation n(ω).