Table 4.
It shows new diagnostic tests for M. tuberculosis.
| Category | Type of test/technology used | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Immunodiagnostics | (1) γ interferon release assays; IGRAs for diagnosis of latent TB infection | - Quantiferon-TB gold in-tube (QFT-GIT) - T-SPOT.TB assay |
| (2) Tuberculosis biomarkers | (1) Neutrophil percentage in bronchoalveolar lavage | |
| (2) Serum prolactin level | ||
| (3) C-reactive protein | ||
| (4) Combined interferon-γ inducible protein-10 and interferon-γ | ||
| (5) Combination of 6 serum micro-RNAs: | ||
| - hsa-miR-378, - hsa-miR-29c | ||
| - hsa-miR483, - hsa-miR-101 | ||
| - hsa-miR-22, - hsa-miR-320b | ||
| Molecular tests used for detection of M. tuberculosis in clinical specimens | (1) Nucleic acid amplification assays (2) Lateral flow assays (3) Line probe assays (4) DNA sequencing techniques |
- Accu Probe (Gen-Probe, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) - INNO-LiPA Mycobacteria (LiPA, Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) - Geno Type Mycobacterium assay (Hain Diagnosika, Germany) - TB peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (Dako, A/S Glostrup, Denmark) - PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) - DNA microarray or high density oligonucleotide arrays |
| Detection of drug resistance | - Molecular techniques are used in testing drug susceptibility - Genes involved in drug resistance: - kat G - rrs - inh A - rpsL - rpo B - emb B |
(1) Line probe assays: PCR-based reverse-hybridization line probe assay (Inno-LiPA Rif TB test, Innogenetics, NV, Ghent, Belgium) (2) Real-time PCR Xpert MTB assay for detection of rifampicin resistant M. tuberculosis strains (3) Array-based technologies: multiplex PCR for detection of genetic mutations involved in drug resistance |
| New technologies in the pipeline for detection of M. tuberculosis | (1) LAM-urine antigen detection using ELISA techniques | |
| (2) Use of chromatographic techniques for identification of volatile organic compound as markers in clinical specimens | ||
| (3) Bead-based methods for detection and identification | ||
| (4) Simplified smart flow cytometry | ||
| (5) Broad nucleic acid amplification-mass spectrometry | ||
M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.