Table 4.
Correlation between systemic NGAL levels and CVD markers, CVD severity and major adverse cardiovascular events in humans.
| Reference | Blood and/or urine NGAL levels correlate with | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Renal function | Natriuretic peptides | Biomarkers of inflammation | Clinical severity of CVD | Mortality/major adverse CV events | |
| Chronic heart failure | |||||
| Damman (10) | Yes | Yes | NS | NS | NS |
| Damman (16) | No | No | NS | NS | NS |
| Poniatowski (17) | Yes | NS | NS | Yes | NS |
| Bolignano (18) | No | NS | NS | Yes | Yes (univariate analysis) |
| Yndestad (9) | NS | Yes | Yes | Yes | NS |
| Shrestha (19) | Yes | Yes | NS | Yes | Yes (univariate), but no longer significant on multivariate analysis |
| Acute heart failure | |||||
| Yndestad (9) | NS | Yes | Yes | Yes | No (univariate analysis) |
| Shrestha (19) | Yes | Yes | NS | No | NS |
| Alvelos (20) | NS | NS | NS | NS | Yes (uni- and multivariate analysis) |
| Maisel (21) | Yes | Yes | NS | NS | Yes (uni- and multivariate analysis) |
| Coronary heart disease | |||||
| Zografos (11) | NS | NS | NS | Yes | NS |
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||||
| Elneihoum (25) | NS | – | NS | No | NS |
| Giaginis (26) | Yes | – | NS | No | NS |
| Elneihoum (12) | NS | – | Yes | NS | NS |
| Falke (27) | NS | – | NS | NS | Yes (uni- and multivariate analysis) |
NS, not stated.