Table 5.

Summary of human studies on NGAL and cerebrovascular disease.

Reference	Population	Renal function	Specimen(s)	NGAL levels: Diseased vs. control subjects	Other major findings
Elneihoum (25)	Asymptomatic carotid artery plaque (n=156)	NS	Plasma	No controls	Plasma levels of markers of systemic leukocyte activation, including NGAL, were correlated with age, blood pressure, and smoking. No significant correlations were found between these markers and the plaque score.
Giaginis (26)	Carotid endarterectomy (n=141)	NS	Plasma	No controls	NGAL correlated with age, sCr, eGFR and homocysteine, but not with ≥ 90% carotid stenosis.
Elneihoum (12)	Acute ischemic stroke (n=72) and TIA (n=48)	NS	Plasma	Diseased > controls	NGAL correlated with other markers of leukocyte activation: fibrinogen, ESR, leukocyte counts, sTNFR-1, and NP4. NGAL did not correlate with lipid levels nor with indicators of insulin resistance.
Anwaar (35)	Acute cerebral infarction (n=45) and TIA (n=14)	NS	Plasma	No controls	NGAL and sTNFR-1 and intraplatelet AMP were higher 1 year after the acute ischemic event.
Falke (27)	Acute ischemic stroke (n=90) and TIA (n=54)	NS	Plasma	No controls	Higher plasma levels of sTNFR1 and NGAL were significant independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality at 4 years follow-up.

NS, not stated.