Table 1.
Selected Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants, According to the Development of Frailty During Follow-upa
| Incident Frailty During Follow-Up |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N=329) |
Yes (N=77) |
No (N=252) |
p-valueb | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 73.9 ± 2.8 | 74.0 ± 2.9 | 73.9 ± 2.8 | 0.62 |
| Race (% white) | 83.9% | 83.1% | 84.1% | 0.83 |
| Education (years) | 12.6 ± 3.3 | 12.2 ± 2.9 | 12.8 ± 3.4 | 0.17 |
| Body composition | ||||
| BMI categories (%) | 0.01 | |||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 3.3% | 6.5% | 2.4% | |
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 36.2% | 29.9% | 38.1% | |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 38.9% | 31.2% | 41.3% | |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 21.6% | 32.5% | 18.3% | |
| BMI value (kg/m2)c | 26.6 ± 5.1 | 27.3 ± 5.5 | 26.4 ± 4.9 | 0.16 |
| Clinical history | ||||
| Prefrailty (%) | 35.6% | 55.8% | 29.4% | <0.0001 |
| Osteoarthritis (%) | 66.9% | 66.2% | 67.1% | 0.89 |
| COPD (%)c | 23.4% | 26.0% | 22.6% | 0.54 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 13.7% | 16.9% | 12.7% | 0.35 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 4.6% | 7.8% | 3.6% | 0.12 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 7.0% | 7.8% | 6.8% | 0.76 |
| Known diabetes (%) | 7.6% | 9.1% | 7.1% | 0.57 |
| Laboratory measures | ||||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) | 3.9 ± 4.8 | 4.2 ±7.0 | 3.8 ± 3.9 | 0.49 |
| HbA1c categories (%)c | 0.24 | |||
| < 5.5% | 19.5% | 15.6% | 20.6% | |
| 5.5–5.9% | 41.0% | 40.3% | 41.3% | |
| 6.0–6.4% | 23.4% | 24.7% | 23.0% | |
| 6.5–7.9% | 11.6% | 10.4% | 11.9% | |
| ≥ 8% | 4.5% | 9.1% | 3.2% | |
| HbA1c value (%) | 6.01±0.89 | 6.17 ± 1.10 | 5.96 ± 0.80 | 0.07 |
a
Unless otherwise indicated, mean ± standard deviation is shown.
b
Comparing participants with incident frailty to those without incident frailty.
c
BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c.