TABLE 2.
Validation studies for polyphenol intake measurement showing correlations between polyphenol concentrations in plasma or urine with habitual polyphenol intake in various populations1
| Polyphenol ingested | Biomarker2 | Biofluid | No. of subjects | Country | Dietary assessment | r | P | Ref |
| Flavonols | ||||||||
| Kaempferol | Kaempferol | Plasma (F) | 48 | Germany | 7-d DR | 0.46 | <0.01 | (73) |
| Quercetin | Quercetin | Plasma (F) | 48 | Germany | 7-d DR | 0.3 | <0.05 | (73) |
| Kaempferol | Kaempferol | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | FFQ | 0.52 | 0.001 | (74) |
| Quercetin | Quercetin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | FFQ | 0.46 | 0.001 | (74) |
| Isorhamnetin | Isorhamnetin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | FFQ | 0.37 | 0.026 | (74) |
| Quercetin | Quercetin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | 7-d DR | 0.51 | <0.05 | (75) |
| Quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | Quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | 7-d DR | 0.48 | <0.05 | (75) |
| Kaempferol | Kaempferol | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | 7-d DR | 0.44 | <0.05 | (75) |
| Isorhamnetin | Isorhamnetin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | 7-d DR | 0.33 | <0.05 | (75) |
| Flavones | ||||||||
| Apigenin | Apigenin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | FFQ | 0.52 | 0.002 | (74) |
| Luteolin | Luteolin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | FFQ | 0.5 | 0.012 | (74) |
| Apigenin, luteolin | Apigenin, luteolin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | 7-d DR | 0.46 | <0.05 | (75) |
| Luteolin | Luteolin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | 7-d DR | 0.44 | <0.05 | (75) |
| Apigenin | Apigenin | Plasma (F) | 92 | China | 7-d DR | 0.42 | <0.05 | (75) |
| Flavanones | ||||||||
| Naringenin | Naringenin | Plasma (F) | 48 | Germany | 7-d DR | 0.35 | <0.05 | (73) |
| Hesperetin | Hesperetin | Plasma (F) | 48 | Germany | 7-d DR | 0.32 | <0.05 | (73) |
| Isoflavones | ||||||||
| Daidzein | Daidzein, equol, O-DMA, dihydrodaidzein | Urine (spot) | 24 | Korea | 3 × 3-d DR | 0.72 | <0.001 | (76) |
| Genistein | Genistein, dihydrogenistein | Urine (spot) | 24 | Korea | 3 × 3-d DR | 0.64 | <0.01 | (76) |
| Glycitein | Glycitein | Urine (spot) | 24 | Korea | 3 × 3-d DR | 0.57 | <0.01 | (76) |
| Genistein | Genistein | Urine (24-h) | 27 | USA | FFQ | 0.54 | (77) | |
| Daidzein | Daidzein, equol, O-DMA | Urine (24-h) | 27 | USA | FFQ | 0.49 | (77) | |
| Genistein | Genistein | Plasma (NF) | 80 | UK | 7-d DR | 0.8 | <0.001 | (78) |
| Daidzein | Daidzein | Plasma (NF) | 80 | UK | 7-d DR | 0.79 | <0.001 | (78) |
| Daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A | Daidzein, genistein, equol, O-DMA | Urine (spot) | 2908 | USA | 24-h DR | 0.48 | <0.001 | (79) |
| Daidzein | Daidzein, equol, O-DMA | Urine (spot) | 2908 | USA | 24-h DR | 0.46 | <0.001 | (79) |
| Genistein | Genistein | Urine (spot) | 2908 | USA | 24-h DR | 0.45 | <0.001 | (79) |
| Genistein | Genistein | Urine (24-h) | 105 | USA | FFQ | 0.31 | <0.01 | (80) |
| Daidzein, genistein | Daidzein, genistein, equol, O-DMA | Urine (24-h) | 105 | USA | FFQ | 0.29 | <0.01 | (80) |
| Daidzein | Daidzein, equol, O-DMA | Urine (24-h) | 105 | USA | FFQ | 0.28 | <0.01 | (80) |
| Daidzein | Daidzein | Urine (24-h) | 93 | Japan | 14 × 24-h DR | 0.43 | (81) | |
| Genistein | Genistein | Plasma (F) | 196 | Japan | 14 × 24-h DR | 0.42 | (81) | |
| Daidzein | Daidzein | Plasma (F) | 196 | Japan | 14 × 24-h DR | 0.39 | (81) | |
| Genistein | Genistein | Urine (24-h) | 93 | Japan | 14 × 24-h DR | 0.38 | (81) | |
| Daidzein | Daidzein | Urine (24-h) | 69 | USA | FFQ | 0.49 | <0.001 | (82) |
| Genistein | Genistein | Urine (24-h) | 69 | USA | FFQ | 0.3 | 0.035 | (82) |
| Daidzein | Daidzein, equol, O-DMA, dihydrodaidzein | Urine (24-h) | 195 | USA | FFQ | 0.55 | (83) | |
| Genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, formononetin | Genistein, daidzein, equol, O-DMA, dihydrodaidzein | Urine (24-h) | 195 | USA | FFQ | 0.5 | (83) | |
| Genistein | Genistein | Urine (24-h) | 195 | USA | FFQ | 0.45 | (83) | |
| Daidzein, genistein | Daidzein, genistein, equol | Plasma (NF) | 203 | Scotland | FFQ | 0.27 | <0.001 | (84) |
| Genistein | Genistein | Plasma (NF) | 203 | Scotland | FFQ | 0.26 | <0.001 | (84) |
| Daidzein | Daidzein, equol | Plasma (NF) | 203 | Scotland | FFQ | 0.24 | 0.001 | (84) |
| Genistein | Genistein | Plasma (F) | 96 | USA | FFQ | 0.38 | <0.001 | (85) |
| Daidzein | Daidzein | Plasma (F) | 96 | USA | FFQ | 0.35 | <0.001 | (85) |
| Genistein | Genistein | Plasma (F) | 77 | USA | FFQ | 0.46 | (86) | |
| Daidzein | Daidzein | Plasma (F) | 77 | USA | FFQ | 0.45 | (86) | |
| Daidzein, genistein, glycitein | Daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, O-DMA | Urine (spot) | 60 | China | FFQ | 0.54 | <0.001 | (87) |
| Lignans | ||||||||
| LARI, PINO, SECO, MAT | Enterolactone | Plasma (NF) | 637 | Netherlands | FFQ | 0.18 | <0.001 | (88) |
| LARI, PINO, SECO, MAT | Enterodiol | Plasma (NF) | 637 | Netherlands | FFQ | 0.09 | <0.05 | (88) |
| SECO, MAT | Enterodiol, enterolactone | Urine (24-h) | 195 | USA | FFQ | 0.16 | (83) | |
| Stilbenes | ||||||||
| Resveratrol + piceid | Resveratrol metabolites (glucuronides and sulfates) | Urine (spot) | 1000 | Spain | FFQ | 0.89 | <0.001 | (89) |
| Alkylresorcinols | ||||||||
| Total alkylresorcinols | Total alkylresorcinols | Plasma (F) | 30 | Sweden | 3-d DR | 0.33–0.40 | <0.001 | (90) |
| Alkylresorcinols (17:0–25:0) | Alkylresorcinols (17:0–25:0) | Plasma (F) | 51 | Sweden | 2 × 3-d weighed DR | 0.48–0.65 | <0.001 | (91) |
| Total polyphenols | Total polyphenols | Urine (spot) | 60 | Spain | FFQ | 0.257 | 0.04 | (92) |
| Total polyphenols | Urine (spot) | 612 | Spain | FFQ | 0.179 | <0.001 | (93) | |
| Total polyphenols | Urine (24-h) | 928 | Italy | FFQ | 0.211 | <0.001 | (94) |
1
DR, dietary recall; F, fasting; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; LARI, lariciresinol; MAT, matairesinol; NF, nonfasting; O-DMA, O-desmethylangolensin; PINO, pinoresinol; Ref, reference; SECO, secoisolariciresinol.
2
Biomarkers were measured after deconjugation of glucuronides and sulfate esters with glucuronidases and sulfatases, respectively.