TABLE 3.
Effects of diet, exercise, or a combination of both on the IWQOL in obese older adults1
| Baseline2 | Change at 6 mo3 | Change at 12 mo3 | Difference in change from baseline to 12 mo (95% CI) | P4 | |
| Main outcome | |||||
| Total IWQOL | |||||
| Control group | 75.4 ± 3.7 | −2.4 ± 1.4 | 0.3 ± 1.6 | — | — |
| Diet group | 82.8 ± 1.8 | 8.5 ± 1.55 | 7.6 ± 1.65 | — | — |
| Exercise group | 77.2 ± 3.5 | 7.1 ± 1.65 | 10.1 ± 1.65 | — | — |
| Diet-exercise group | 76.5 ± 3.0 | 10.2 ± 1.45 | 14.0 ± 1.45 | — | — |
| Intergroup comparisons | |||||
| Diet vs control | — | — | — | 6.1 (0.6, 11.7) | 0.03 |
| Exercise vs control | — | — | — | 9.5 (3.9, 15.1) | 0.001 |
| Diet-exercise vs control | — | — | — | 13.6 (8.2, 18.9) | 0.0001 |
| Diet-exercise vs diet | — | — | — | 7.4 (2.1, 12.8) | 0.007 |
| Diet-exercise vs exercise | — | — | — | 4.1 (−1.4, 9.5) | 0.15 |
| Other outcomes | |||||
| Physical function | |||||
| Control group | 62.5 ± 4.1 | −0.6 ± 1.9 | −0.3 ± 2.1 | — | — |
| Diet group | 73.4 ± 2.1 | 11.5 ± 1.95 | 9.9 ± 2.05 | — | — |
| Exercise group | 67.4 ± 4.2 | 8.7 ± 2.05 | 10.4 ± 2.15 | — | — |
| Diet-exercise group | 67.7 ± 4.0 | 15.7 ± 1.85 | 16.3 ± 1.95 | — | — |
| Intergroup comparisons | |||||
| Diet vs control | — | — | — | 8.3 (0.9, 15.7) | 0.03 |
| Exercise vs control | — | — | — | 9.8 (2.3, 17.3) | 0.001 |
| Diet-exercise vs control | — | — | — | 15.7 (8.4, 23.0) | 0.0001 |
| Diet-exercise vs diet | — | — | — | 7.4 (0.2, 14.6) | 0.007 |
| Diet-exercise vs exercise | — | — | — | 5.9 (−1.4, 13.2) | 0.14 |
| Self-esteem | |||||
| Control group | 71.3 ± 4.3 | −3.5 ± 2.5 | 2.2 ± 2.8 | — | — |
| Diet group | 74.7 ± 3.6 | 14.7 ± 2.65 | 9.7 ± 2.65 | — | — |
| Exercise group | 71.7 ± 4.8 | 5.0 ± 2.7 | 10.3 ± 2.85 | — | — |
| Diet-exercise group | 71.7 ± 4.1 | 9.7 ± 2.55 | 14.7 ± 2.65 | — | — |
| Intergroup comparisons | |||||
| Diet vs. control | — | — | — | 6.7 (−3.3, 16.7) | 0.19 |
| Exercise vs. control | — | — | — | 8.0 (−2.2, 18.1) | 0.12 |
| Diet-exercise vs control | — | — | — | 12.5 (2.6, 22.3) | 0.01 |
| Diet-exercise vs diet | — | — | — | 5.7 (−4.0, 15.4) | 0.24 |
| Diet-exercise vs exercise | — | — | — | 4.5 (−5.4, 14.4) | 0.37 |
| Sexual life | |||||
| Control group | 77.0 ± 7.1 | −3.3 ± 3.0 | 1.6 ± 3.3 | — | — |
| Diet group | 86.2 ± 3.8 | 1.0 ± 3.2 | 4.0 ± 3.4 | — | — |
| Exercise group | 74.4 ± 5.3 | 9.1 ± 3.45 | 14.4 ± 3.35 | — | — |
| Diet-exercise group | 74.7 ± 5.0 | 13.4 ± 3.05 | 17.3 ± 3.05 | — | — |
| Intergroup comparisons | |||||
| Diet vs control | — | — | — | 0.2 (−12.3, 12.7) | 0.97 |
| Exercise vs control | — | — | — | 13.4 (1.2, 25.7) | 0.03 |
| Diet-exercise vs control | — | — | — | 16.3 (4.6, 28.0) | 0.007 |
| Diet-exercise vs diet | — | — | — | 16.1 (4.0, 28.2) | 0.009 |
| Diet-exercise vs exercise | — | — | — | 2.9 (−8.9, 14.7) | 0.63 |
| Public distress | |||||
| Control group | 83.9 ± 3.9 | −1.3 ± 1.7 | −3.9 ± 1.9 | — | — |
| Diet group | 91.0 ± 2.4 | 5.5 ± 1.85 | 5.0.2 ± 1.95 | — | — |
| Exercise group | 89.2 ± 3.4 | 3.9 ± 1.95 | 4.1 ± 2.05 | — | — |
| Diet-exercise group | 86.1 ± 3.6 | 5.2 ± 1.75 | 9.2 ± 1.75 | — | — |
| Intergroup comparisons | |||||
| Diet vs control | — | — | — | 7.5 (0.4, 14.7) | 0.04 |
| Exercise vs control | — | — | — | 6.9 (−0.4, 14.1) | 0.06 |
| Diet-exercise vs control | — | — | — | 12.6 (5.8, 19.5) | 0.0004 |
| Diet-exercise vs diet | — | — | — | 5.1 (−1.8, 12.0) | 0.15 |
| Diet-exercise vs exercise | — | — | — | 5.8 (−1.2, 12.8) | 0.11 |
| Work | |||||
| Control group | 85.0 ± 3.3 | −5.0 ± 2.2 | −4.0 ± 2.4 | — | — |
| Diet group | 89.0 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 2.25 | 3.3 ± 2.35 | — | — |
| Exercise group | 84.0 ± 4.1 | 5.1 ± 2.5 | 8.0 ± 2.65 | — | — |
| Diet-exercise group | 85.5 ± 3.2 | 5.9 ± 2.25 | 9.3 ± 2.25 | — | — |
| Intergroup comparisons | |||||
| Diet vs control | — | — | — | 6.5 (−2.0, 15.0) | 0.13 |
| Exercise vs control | — | — | — | 12.2 (3.4, 20.9) | 0.006 |
| Diet-exercise vs control | — | — | — | 13.2 (4.9, 21.4) | 0.002 |
| Diet-exercise vs diet | — | — | — | 6.7 (−1.6, 14.9) | 0.11 |
| Diet-exercise vs exercise | — | — | — | 1.0 (−7.5, 9.5) | 0.82 |
The samples for analysis were n = 27 for the control group, n = 26 for the diet group, n = 26 for the exercise group, and n = 28 for the diet-exercise group. IWQOL, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life–Lite; —, not applicable.
Values are observed means ± SEs.
Values are least-squares adjusted means ± SEs from the repeated-measures analysis.
P values for comparison between groups for changes from baseline to 12 mo were calculated with the use of mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA contrasts (with baseline values as covariates). The P value for the group × visit interaction for the main outcome of total IWQOL was 0.0001. The P value for the group × visit interaction for the other outcomes were 0.0001 for physical function, 0.001 for self-esteem, 0.04 for public distress, 0.01 for sexual life, 0.02 for work, and 0.04 for public distress.
P < 0.05 for the comparison of the value at the follow-up time with the within-group baseline value, as calculated with the use of mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA.