Table 9.
Spearman's Correlation Coefficients (ρ) between Outcome Measures and Early Neuroimaging Pathoanatomic Findings in 37 mTBI Patients without Previous history of Substance Abuse or Other Neuropsychiatric Disordera
| Day-of-injury head CT | Early brain MRI (10.9±3.6 days postinjury) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nondepressed calvarial or skull base fracture | EDH | SDH | SAH | Any CT Contusion | Any acute traumatic intracranial CT finding | Any MRI contusion | Any MRI T2* hemorrhagic axonal injury | Any DTI axonal injury (≥1 ROI with FA >2.2 SDs below control-group mean) | Any conventional MRI and/or DTI lesion | |
| 3-month GOS-E (N=32) |
−0.15 p=0.40 (4 positive) |
−0.05 p=0.78 (1 positive) |
−0.24 p=0.19 (5 positive) |
−0.28 p=0.12 3 (positive) |
−0.28 p=0.12 (5 positive) |
−0.24 p=0.19 (5 positive) |
−0.47 p=0.006* (5 positive) |
−0.41 p=0.02 (12 positive) |
−0.50 p=0.004† (10 positive) |
−0.37 p=0.04* (14 positive) |
| 6-month GOS-E (N=30) |
−0.06 p=0.75 (3 positive) |
−0.06 p=0.76 (1 positive) |
−0.21 p=0.26 (3 positive) |
−0.08 p=0.67 (2 positive) |
−0.21 p=0.26 (2 positive) |
−0.21 p=0.26 (3 positive) |
−0.22 p=0.25 (4 positive) |
−0.29 p=0.12 (11 positive) |
−0.30 p=0.11 (7 positive) |
−0.39 p=0.03* (13 positive) |
| Abnormal TMT A (>2 SDs above mean) at 6 months (N=27) |
−0.14 p=0.50 N=2 (2 positive) |
−0.09 p=0.64 N=27 (1 positive) |
−0.17 p=0.40 N=27 (3 positive) |
−0.14 p=0.50 N=27 (2 positive) |
−0.14 p=0.50 N=27 (2 positive) |
−0.17 p=0.40 N=27 (3 positive) |
−0.20 p=0.32 (4 positive) |
0.01 p=0.97 (11 positive) |
0.15 p=0.45 (7 positive) |
0.11 p=0.57 (13 positive) |
| Abnormal TMT B (>2 SDs above mean) at 6 months (N=27) |
−0.17 p=0.40 (2 positive) |
−0.12 p=0.56 (1 positive) |
0.06 p=0.77 (3 positive) |
0.16 p=0.44 (2 positive) |
−0.17 p=0.40 (2 positive) |
0.06 p=0.77 (3 positive) |
0.23 p=0.25 N=27 (4 positive) |
0.20 p=0.32 N=27 (11 positive) |
0.42 p=0.03* N=27 (7 positive) |
0.28 p=0.16 N=27 (13 positive) |
| 6-month RPQ-3 (N=30) |
−0.10 p=0.60 (3 positive) |
−0.21 p=0.26 (1 positive) |
0.13 p=0.48 (3 positive) |
−0.02 p=0.90 (2 positive) |
0.03 p=0.87 (2 positive) |
0.13 p=0.48 (3 positive) |
0.27 p=0.15 (4 positive) |
0.32 p=0.09 (11 positive) |
0.12 p=0.54 (7 positive) |
0.23 p=0.22 (13 positive) |
| 6-month RPQ-13 (N=30) |
−0.06 p=0.74 (3 positive) |
−0.13 p=0.50 (1 positive) |
0.22 p=0.25 (3 positive) |
0.04 p=0.84 (2 positive) |
0.13 p=0.49 (2 positive) |
0.22 p=0.25 (3 positive) |
0.22 p=0.25 (4 positive) |
0.62 p=0.0003† (11 positive) |
0.40 p=0.03* (7 positive) |
0.61 p=0.0004† (13 positive) |
The only statistically significant pair-wise correlations between any demographic, clinical or socioeconomic predictor and worse performance on any outcome variable were between years of education and TMT B z-score (ρ=−0.50; p=0.007), age and TMT A z-score (ρ=−0.39; p=0.04), and PTA duration and TMT A z-score (ρ=0.48; p=0.014). Thus, for brevity, all demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic predictors (Supplementary Table 2) (see online supplementary material at http://www.liebertpub.com) are omitted from Table 9. Similarly, 6-month TMT A (both z-score and dichotomized score), TMT B (z-score), CVLT-II (scaled score and dichotomized score), and WAIS-IV PSI (scaled score and dichotomized score) were omitted from Table 9, because they demonstrated no other significant correlation with any imaging, clinical, demographic, or socioeconomic predictor at p<0.05. *p<0.05 (light-gray boxes); †p<0.01 (dark-gray boxes).
CVLT-II, California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition; EDH,epidural hematoma; SDH, subdural hematoma; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; ROI, region of interest; SD, standard deviation; FA, fractional anisotropy; GOS-E, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended; TMT, Trail Making Test; RPQ, Rivermead Postconcussion Questionnaire; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; WAIS-IV PSI, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition, Processing Speed Index.