Table 5.
Spearman's Correlation Coefficients (ρ) Between Outcome Measuresa and Demographic, Socioeconomic, Clinical, and Imaging Predictorsb in 76 mTBI Patients
| Demographic, clinical, socioeconomic | Day-of-injury head CT | Early brain MRI (11.2±3.3 days postinjury) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Education (years) | Neuropsychiatric history | History of alcohol or drug problem | Nondepressed calvarial or skull base fracture | EDH | SDH | SAH | Any CT contusion | Any MRI contusion | Any MRI T2* evidence of hemorrhagic axonal injuryb | Any DTI axonal injury (≥1 ROI with FA >2.2 SDs below control-group mean) | |
| 3-month GOS-E (N=70) | −0.30* p=0.013 |
0.27* p=0.02 |
−0.27* p=0.03 (18 pos.) |
−0.12 p=0.34 (34 pos.) |
−0.12 p=0.33 (12 pos.) |
−0.08 p=0.54 (3 pos.) |
−0.23 p=0.06 (9 pos.) |
−0.28* p=0.02 (6 pos.) |
−0.22 p=0.07 (5 pos.) |
−0.36† p=0.003 (11 pos.) |
−0.12 p=0.34 (24 pos.) |
−0.34† p=0.004 (23 pos.) |
| 6-month GOS-E (N=65) | −0.18 p=0.16 |
0.31* p=0.011 |
−0.30* p=0.02 (17 pos.) |
−0.18 p=0.15 (31 pos.) |
−0.13 p=0.32 (10 pos.) |
0.01 p=0.97 (2 pos.) |
−0.17 p=0.18 (7 pos.) |
−0.20 p=0.11 (5 pos.) |
−0.19 p=0.14 (4 pos.) |
−0.19 p=0.12 (9 pos.) |
−0.03 p=0.84 (22 pos.) |
−0.25* p=0.04 (20 pos.) |
| Abnormal TMT B (>2 SDs above age-adjusted mean) at 6 months (N=61) | 0.11 p=0.42 |
−0.18 p=0.17 |
−0.02 p=0.90 (16 pos.) |
0.01 p=0.94 (30 pos.) |
−0.14 p=0.27 (9 pos.) |
−0.11 p=0.40 (2 pos.) |
0.02 p=0.88 (7 pos.) |
0.09 p=0.47 (5 pos.) |
−0.16 p=0.22 (4 pos.) |
0.07 p=0.61 (9 pos.) |
0.17 p=0.18 (22 pos.) |
0.32* p=0.011 (19 pos.) |
| 6-month RPQ-3 (N=65) | 0.23 p=0.07 |
−0.23 p=0.06 |
0.36† p=0.003 (17 pos.) |
0.25* p=0.045 (31 pos.) |
−0.12 p=0.32 (10 pos.) |
−0.21 p=0.09 (2 pos.) |
0.11 p=0.37 (7 pos.) |
0.01 p=0.93 (5 pos.) |
0.07 p=0.56 (4 pos.) |
0.03 p=0.84 (9 pos.) |
−0.10 p=0.45 (22 pos.) |
0.18 p=0.14 (20 pos.) |
| 6-month RPQ-13 (N=65) | 0.26* p=0.04 |
−0.28* p=0.02 |
0.31* p=0.013 (17 pos.) |
0.16 p=0.20 (31 pos.) |
0.02 p=0.85 (10 pos.) |
−0.07 p=0.60 (2 pos.) |
0.19 p=0.14 (7 pos.) |
0.16 p=0.21 (5 pos.) |
0.21 p=0.10 (4 pos.) |
0.12 p=0.34 (9 pos.) |
0.02 p=0.85 (22 pos.) |
0.29* p=0.02 (20 pos.) |
No statistically significant correlation was found between any imaging, demographic, socioeconomic, or clinical predictor and worse performance on 6-month TMT A (either z-score or dichotomized score), TMT B (z-score), CVLT-II (scaled score or dichotomized score), or WAIS-IV PSI (scaled score or dichotomized score), except for correlation of CVLT-II scaled score with years of education (ρ=0.27; p=0.04) and correlation of age with TMT A z- score (ρ=−0.33; p=0.0097). Thus, for brevity, these outcome measures are omitted from Table 5.
No statistically significant correlation was found between gender, unemployment, GCS at emergency department arrival, PTA, PTA duration, LOC, or history of previous TBI (with LOC not exceeding 5 min) and any outcome variable. Thus, for brevity, these predictors are omitted from Table 5. There was a trend toward significant correlation between 6-month GOS-E and unemployed status (ρ=−0.24; p=0.056).
p<0.05 (light-gray boxes); †p<0.01 (dark-gray boxes).
CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; EDH,epidural hematoma; SDH, subdural hematoma; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; ROI, region of interest; SD, standard deviation; FA, fractional anisotropy; GOS-E, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended; TMT, Trail Making Test; RPQ, Rivermead Postconcussion Questionnaire; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; pos., positive.