Table 2.
Optogenetic tools that have been described as excitatory or inhibitory
| opsin | mechanism | effect | activation wavelength (nm) | off kinetics (ms) | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChR2ETA (E123A) | cation channel | excitatory | 470 | 4 | (Berndt et al., 2009; Gunaydin et al., 2010) |
| ChRGR | cation channel | excitatory | 505 | 4 | (Wang et al., 2009; Wen et al., 2010) |
| ChR2ETA (E123T) | cation channel | excitatory | 490 | 4.4 | (Gunaydin et al., 2010) |
| ChR2ETA (E123T/T159C | cation channel | excitatory | 490 | 8 | (Gunaydin et al., 2010) |
| ChR1 | cation channel | excitatory | 500 | 150 | (Nagel et al., 2002) |
| ChR2 | cation channel | excitatory | 470 | 10 | (Nagel et al., 2002; Boyden et al., 2005) |
| ChD | cation channel | excitatory | 450 | 8 | (Lin et al., 2009; Gunaydin et al., 2010) |
| ChEF | cation channel | excitatory | 470 | 26 | |
| ChIEF | cation channel | excitatory | 450 | 10 | |
| ChR2(L132C) | cation channel | excitatory | 474 | 16 | (Kleinlogel et al., 2011) |
| ChR2(H134R) | cation channel | excitatory | 470 | 18 | (Nagel et al., 2005; Gradinaru et al., 2007) |
| ChR2(T159C) | cation channel | excitatory | 470 | 26 | (Berndt et al., 2011) |
| ChETA | cation channel | excitatory | 490 | 8 | (Berndt et al., 2011) |
| C1V1 | cation channel | excitatory | 540 | 156 | (Yizhar et al., 2011b) |
| ReaChR | cation channel | excitatory | 590 | 137 | (Lin et al., 2013) |
| C1V1 ChETA (E122T/E162) | cation channel | excitatory | 535 | 34 | (Yizhar et al., 2011b) |
| VChR1 | cation channel | excitatory | 545 | 133 | (Zhang et al., 2008) |
| VChR2 | cation channel | excitatory | 460 | / | (Kianianmomeni et al., 2009) |
| MChR1 | cation channel | excitatory | 528 | 27 | (Govorunova et al., 2011) |
| C1V1 ChETA (E162T)) | cation channel | excitatory | 530 | 58 | (Yizhar et al., 2011b) |
| ChR2-step function opsins (SFO) | cation channel | excitatory | 470 | 2s – 29 min | (Berndt et al., 2009; Yizhar et al., 2011a) |
| VChR1-SFOs | cation channel | excitatory | 560 | 32 s to 5 min | (Yizhar et al., 2011a) |
| eNpH3.0 | chloride pump | inhibitory | 590 | 4 | (Gradinaru et al., 2010) |
| NpHR | chloride pump | inhibitory | 577 | 42 | (Duschl et al., 1990) |
| Arch/ArchT | proton pump | inhibitory | 566 | 9 | (Chow et al., 2010) |
| eBR | proton pump | inhibitory | 540 | 19 | (Gradinaru et al., 2010) |
| Acetabularia rhodopsin | proton pump | inhibitory | 518 | 30–120 | (Tsunoda et al., 2006) |