Table 2.
Mean number of sleep problems in youth with psychiatric disorders: Cross-sectional analyses.
| N of observations | Mean number of sleep problems (SD) | Model 1a Means Ratio (CI) | Model 2b Means Ratio (CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No current diagnosis | 5,682 | 0.4 (0.9) | NA | NA |
| Any current diagnosisc | 990 | 1.1 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.6, 8.3) | NA |
| Any depressive disorderc | 126 | 2.3 (1.9) | 4.1 (2.8, 5.9) | 3.0 (1.8, 4.9) |
| Any anxiety disorderc | 196 | 2.1 (1.6) | 3.7 (2.8, 4.9) | 2.8 (1.8, 4.2) |
| Any GADc | 74 | 2.4 (1.7) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.3) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.6) |
| GAD w/o depressionc | 35 | 2.2 (1.3) | 3.2 (2.0, 5.2) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) |
| Depression w/o GADc | 101 | 2.3 (1.8) | 3.4 (2.1, 5.7) | 3.2 (2.0, 5.2) |
| Depression or GAD Dxc | 136 | 2.3 (1.6) | 3.5 (2.9, 5.3) | 2.9 (1.9, 4.6) |
| 3+symptoms (Depression, GAD) | 402 | 1.7 (1.3) | 4.9 (3.3, 7.2) | 3.9 (2.2, 7.0) |
| Separation Anxiety Disorderc | 91 | 2.0 (1.5) | 3.5 (2.2, 5.6) | 2.7 (1.8, 4.1) |
| Social phobia | 35 | 2.9 (1.7) | 1.7 (0.6, 2.8) | d |
| Conduct disorder | 285 | 0.9 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 466 | 1.2 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) |
| ADHD | 113 | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | d |
| Any substance abuse or dependence | 255 | 0.7 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
| Nicotine dependence | 167 | 0.8 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | ~ |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 64 | 0.7 (0.8) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) | ~ |
| Cannabis abuse/dependence | 98 | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.9) | ~ |
Model 1: Means ratios adjusted for sex, age, race, Tanner stage
Model 2: Means ratios adjusted for sex, age, race, Tanner stage and other psychiatric diagnoses
Diagnoses or symptoms scales exclude DSM-IV sleep-related symptoms
Model 2 was not run because results from Model 1 were not significant
Boldface results indicate that the means ratio is significant at p < .05.
SD = Standard deviation; CI = Confidence Interval; NA = not applicable; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Note: Results for specific phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder individually are not shown because of their low prevalence, but preliminary analyses suggested that no associations of sleep problems with these disorders would have been identified in Model 2.