Table 3.
Left Side: Results from longitudinal logistic regression analyses predicting increases in the likelihood of meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria with sleep problems. Right Side: Results from longitudinal Poisson regression analyses predicting increases in sleep problems with psychiatric diagnoses.
| Sleep Problems → Psychiatric Disorder | Psychiatric Disorder → Sleep Problems | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychiatric Disorder | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 1a | Model 2b |
| Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | Means Ratio (CI) | Means Ratio (CI) | |
| Any diagnosisc | 2.0 (1.3, 3.1) | NA | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) | NA |
| Depressive disorderc | 2.6 (0.9, 7.1) | d | 1.9 (0.4, 8.6) | ~ |
| Anxiety disorderc | 3.3 (1.5, 7.3) | 3.5 (1.3, 9.6) | 2.0 (0.7, 5.9) | ~ |
| Any GADc | 11.7 (2.1, 64.4) | 6.4 (1.6, 25.9) | 16.3 (2.9, 93.2) | 3.6 (0.6, 22.8) |
| GAD w/o depressionc | 1.3 (0.3, 5.8) | ~ | 12.7 (2.9, 56.7) | 4.0 (0.8, 19.3) |
| Depression w/o GADc | 1.9 (0.5, 7.3) | ~ | 2.0 (0.4, 3.0) | ~ |
| Depression or GAD | 1.6 (0.4, 6.2) | ~ | 6.5 (1.8, 24.0) | 4.0 (1.6, 10.0) |
| 3+symptoms (Depression, GAD)c | 2.9 (1.4, 5.7) | 2.2 (1.1, 4.3) | 4.0 (1.5, 10.6) | 3.6 (2.2, 5.8) |
| Separation Anxiety Disorderc | 1.4 (0.5, 4.3) | ~ | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | ~ |
| Conduct disorder | 2.0 (1.0, 4.1) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) | ~ |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 2.5 (1.4, 4.3) | 2.2 (1.2, 4.1) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.7) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) |
| ADHD | 3.3 (1.3, 8.7) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.7) | 1.7 (0.4, 6.7) | ~ |
| Any substance abuse or dependence | 2.1 (1.0, 4.2) | 1.6 (0.7, 3.5) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.9) | ~ |
| Nicotine dependence | 1.9 (0.8, 4.6) | ~ | 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) | ~ |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 4.8 (1.6, 14.5) | 1.4 (0.2, 11.0) | 1.2 (0.4, 3.8) | ~ |
| Cannabis abuse/dependence | 3.8 (1.4, 10.3) | 2.5 (0.7, 8.9) | 2.7 (0.9, 8.3) | ~ |
Model 1: Means/odds ratios adjusted for sex, age, race, and Tanner stage, controlling for past history of the outcome variable.
Model 2: Means/odds ratio adjusted for sex, age, race, and Tanner stage, controlling for past history of the outcome variable.
Excluding sleep symptoms
Model 2 was not run because results from Model 1 were not significant
Boldface results indicate that the means or odds ratio is significant at p < .05.
CI = Confidence Interval; NA = not applicable; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Social phobia was not included in longitudinal analyses because of its low prevalence and non-significant associations with sleep problems in the cross-sectional Model 1.