Table 2.
Motor clinical features of PD patients according to genetic status (LRRK2-carriers vs. non-carriers) and gender.
| LRRK2-carrier | Non-carrier | LRRK2-carrier female | LRRK2-carrier male | Non-carrier female | Non-carrier male | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical variables | N = 49 | N = 2343 | p valuec | N = 28 | N = 21 | N = 947 | N = 1396 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 28 (57%) | 947 (40%) | 0.0101 | ||||
| Age at onset | 55.82 ± 11 | 56.37 ± 10 | NS | 56.39 ± 12.14 | 55.05 ± 11.50 | 57.13 ± 10.64 | 55.84 ± 10.59 |
| Disease duration | 12.33 ± 6.50 | 11.64 ± 6.56 | NS | 12.50 ± 7.01 | 12.10 ± 5.92 | 11.82 ± 6.74 | 11.52 ± 6.43 |
| Levodopa latencya | 1.93 ± 1.83 | 2.63 ± 2.82 | NS | 1.85 ± 1.75 | 2.05 ± 1.99 | 2.65 ± 3.06 | 2.61 ± 2.65 |
| Asymmetry at onset, n/total (%) | 46/49 (94%) | 1975/2281 (87%) | NS | 26/28 (93%) | 20/21 (95%) | 791/919 (86%) | 1184/1362 (87%) |
| Never-smokerb, n/total (%) | 29/49 (59%) | 1294/2037 (64%) | NS | 21/28 (75%)e | 8/21 (38%)e | 642/802 (80%) | 652/1235 (53%) |
| UPDRS on | N = 48 | N = 2101 | p valued | N = 28 | N = 20 | N = 858 | N = 1243 |
| Age at UPDRS assessment | 67.29 ± 10.21 | 67.59 ± 10.18 | NS | 68.11 ± 9.69 | 66.15 ± 11.05 | 68.44 ± 10.22 | 67.00 ± 10.12 |
| Disease duration at UPDRS assessment | 11.79 ± 6.60 | 11.20 ± 6.61 | NS | 11.93 ± 6.97 | 11.60 ± 6.21 | 11.35 ± 6.75 | 11.10 ± 6.51 |
| Part I – Mentation | 2.79 ± 2.75 | 3.03 ± 2.42 | NS | 2.92 ± 2.59 | 2.59 ± 2.18 | 3.00 ± 2.62 | 3.05 ± 2.73 |
| Part II – ADL | 13.95 ± 8.14 | 13.13 ± 7.33 | NS | 13.81 ± 8.70 | 14.18 ± 7.46 | 12.80 ± 7.45 | 13.34 ± 7.25 |
| Part III – Motor score | 24.69 ± 14.74 | 24.01 ± 12.92 | NS | 25.57 ± 16.32 | 23.45 ± 12.52 | 24.04 ± 13.53 | 24.00 ± 12.49 |
| Motor Phenotype PIGD-IND-TD, % | 81-7-12 | 76-7-17 | NS | 88-4-8 | 70-12-18 | 80-4-16 | 78-4-18 |
| Hoehn/Yahr Stage | 2.56 ± 0.96 | 2.5 ± 0.87 | NS | 2.70 ± 1.04 | 2.38 ± 0.83 | 2.57 ± 0.92 | 2.45 ± 8.83 |
| UPDRS off | N = 33 | N = 591 | p valued | N = 20 | N = 13 | N = 226 | N = 365 |
| Age at UPDRS assessment | 64.48 ± 10.38 | 66.99 ± 9.61 | NS | 65.15 ± 10.06 | 63.46 ± 11.21 | 68.21 ± 9.65 | 66.25 ± 9.53 |
| Disease duration at UPDRS assessment | 12.36 ± 6.84 | 11.47 ± 6.94 | NS | 12.30 ± 6.37 | 12.46 ± 7.77 | 11.53 ± 7.62 | 11.44 ± 6.50 |
| Part II – ADL | 20.11 ± 8.07 | 15.99 ± 8.18 | 0.0448 | 20.53 ± 6.84 | 19.45 ± 10.01 | 15.42 ± 8.87 | 16.34 ± 7.72 |
| Part III – Motor score | 34.52 ± 13.51 | 31.82 ± 13.90 | NS | 33.80 ± 13.18 | 35.62 ± 14.47 | 31.54 ± 15.44 | 31.99 ± 12.90 |
| Motor Phenotype PIGD-IND-TD, % | 82-4-14 | 71-8-21 | NS | 88-4-4 | 72-0-28 | 72-9-19 | 70-8-22 |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IND, indeterminate; PIGD, postural instability and gait difficulty; PD, Parkinson's Disease; TD, tremor-dominant; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, unless different parameters are specified.
Time elapsed (years) from PD onset to initiation of levodopa therapy.
Data are based on patient self-reporting. Current and former smokers were aggregated into the single category of smokers.
Multivariate analysis.
Age at UPDRS assessment and disease duration were always included in the analysis of other variables.
Female never-smokers were significantly more common than male never-smokers among LRRK2-carriers (p = 0.0323). No other significant differences were present between carrier females and carrier males, and versus the respective non-carrier group.