TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics at wave three of Baltimore ECA participants by smoking status between waves three (1993–1996) and four (2004–2005)
| Smoked between waves
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 275) | Yes (n = 391) | χ 2 p-value | Total n (%) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Race—No. (%) | p < .01 | |||
| White | 188 (68.4) | 228 (58.3) | 416 (62.5) | |
| Other | 87 (31.6) | 163 (41.7) | 250 (37.5) | |
| Age—years | p < .001* | |||
| Mean (SE) | 50 (.76) | 45 (.52) | 666 (100.0) | |
| Sex—No. (%) | p = .93 | |||
| Males | 112 (40.7) | 158 (40.4) | 270 (40.5) | |
| Females | 163 (59.3) | 233 (59.6) | 396 (59.5) | |
| Education—No. (%) | p = .07 | |||
| at least high school | 205 (74.5) | 266 (68.0) | 471 (70.7) | |
| less than high school | 70 (25.5) | 125 (32.0) | 195 (29.3) | |
| Financial Stability—No. (%) | p < .01 | |||
| Able to meet needs | 209 (76.0) | 254 (65.0) | 463 (69.5) | |
| Unable to meet needs | 66 (24.0) | 137 (35.0) | 203 (30.5) | |
| Currently Married—No. (%) | p < .001 | |||
| Yes | 172 (62.5) | 187 (47.8) | 359 (53.9) | |
| No | 103 (37.5) | 204 (52.2) | 307 (46.1) | |
| Social Connectedness—No. (%) | p = .25 | |||
| Frequent | 180 (65.5) | 239 (61.1) | 419 (62.9) | |
| Infrequent | 95 (34.5) | 152 (38.9) | 247 (37.1) | |
| Dysphoria—No. (%) | p = .05 | |||
| Yes | 74 (26.9) | 133 (34) | 207 (31.1) | |
| No | 201 (73.1) | 258 (66) | 459 (68.9) | |
| Wellness—No. (%) | p = .79 | |||
| Good to excellent health | 219 (79.6) | 308 (78.8) | 527 (79.1) | |
| Fair to poor health | 56 (20.4) | 83 (21.2) | 139 (20.9) | |
| Attend Religious Services—No. (%) | p < .001 | |||
| Greater than once per week | 38 (13.8) | 32 (8.2) | 70 (10.5) | |
| About once per week | 79 (28.7) | 68 (17.4) | 147 (22.1) | |
| 1 to 3 times per month | 41 (14.9) | 81 (20.7) | 122 (18.3) | |
| Less than once per month | 78 (28.4) | 139 (35.5) | 217 (32.6) | |
| Never | 39 (14.2) | 71 (18.2) | 110 (16.5) | |
*
Asterisk indicates that the p-value for age was obtained from a Student’s t-test, otherwise Chi-squared tests were used.
— Of the non-White group, 231 (92%) were African–American, and 19 (8%) were of other ethnicities.
— Abbreviation: SE = Standard Error.