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Mean change scores for delayed story recall from baseline to month 4, with standard errors of the mean (error bars), by sex, treatment group, and ApoE 4 carriage. Placebo indicates saline condition, Low Dose indicates 20 IU intranasal insulin, High Dose indicates 40 IU intranasal insulin. Note: A higher score represents improvement over time. *Significantly improved over placebo (treatment effect). **Significant treatment×sex×ApoE status interaction, p < 0.01.
