Table 3.

Association between Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Risk Factors in Multivariate Logistic Regression Analyses among AGES Participants who Completed both Retinal Examinations (N=2868)

	Incident AMD (N=328)
Baseline Characteristic	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age, per year	1.14 (1.11, 1.17)	< 0.01
Sex, female vs. male	1.31 (0.98, 1.74)	0.07
Current smoker, yes vs. no	2.07 (1.38, 3.11)	< 0.01
Former smoker, yes vs. no	1.36 (1.04, 1.79)	0.03
Cod liver oil use, yes vs. no	1.00 (0.78, 1.28)	0.98
Hypertension, yes vs. no	0.88 (0.63, 1.23)	0.46
Pulse Pressure, per mm Hg	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.92
Diabetes, yes vs. no	1.05 (0.69, 1.59)	0.84
BMI, per kg/m2	1.04 (1.01, 1.07)	0.01
Total cholesterol, per mmol/L	0.95 (0.85, 1.07)	0.37
HDL cholesterol, per mmol/L	1.62 (1.19, 2.22)	< 0.01
C-reactive protein
Moderate (1–3 mg/L) vs. Low (< 1 mg/L)	1.05 (0.77, 1.43)	0.77
High (> 3mg/L) vs. Low (< 1 mg/L)	1.11 (0.79, 1.57)	0.55

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval

AGES=Age, Gene/Enviroment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study; AMD=age-related macular degeneration; BMI=body mass index; HDL=high-density lipoprotein

Incidence defined as exhibiting no AMD at baseline examination but presenting with early or late AMD at the follow-up examination.