Table 2.
Sugar-sweetened beverages (Servings/week) | n | Crude | Adjusted 1 |
---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D (nmol/L) mean (95% CI), p 2 | 25(OH)D (nmol/L) mean (95% CI), p 2 | ||
Total of all colas 3 | |||
Never | 319 | 67.5 (65.3–69.6), ref. | 67.0 (65.2–68.9), ref. |
<1 | 271 | 63.6 (61.3–65.9), 0.02 | 63.7 (61.8–65.7), 0.02 |
1–3 | 103 | 66.0 (62.3–65.9), 0.51 | 64.7 (61.4–67.9), 0.21 |
>3 | 46 | 54.4 (48.9–60.0), <0.0001 | 58.5 (53.4–63.6), 0.003 |
Spearman r (p) | −0.13 (0.0004) | −0.11 (0.004) | |
Spearman r (p) 4 | −0.11 (0.005) | ||
Other sweet carbonated beverages | |||
Never | 327 | 66.4 (64.3–68.5), ref. | 66.1 (64.3–67.9), ref. |
<1 | 328 | 64.1 (62.0–66.3), 0.14 | 64.1 (62.3–65.8), 0.12 |
≥1 | 85 | 62.6 (58.4–66.7), 0.11 | 63.7 (60.0–67.4), 0.26 |
Spearman r (p) | −0.08 (0.03) | −0.06 (0.10) | |
Spearman r (p) 4 | −0.06 (0.13) | ||
Sweet fruit drinks | |||
Never | 375 | 65.9 (63.9–67.8), ref. | 65.4 (63.6–67.0), ref. |
<1 | 263 | 63.2 (60.8–65.5), 0.08 | 64.0 (62.0–68.8), 0.31 |
≥1 | 101 | 66.2 (62.4–70.0), 0.87 | 65.6 (62.3–68.8), 0.91 |
Spearman r (p) | −0.04 (0.33) | −0.03 (0.48) | |
Spearman r (p) 4 | −0.03 (0.47) | ||
Total of all sugar-sweetened beverages 5 | |||
Never | 130 | 66.5 (63.1–69.9), ref. | 65.5 (62.6–68.4), ref. |
<1 | 304 | 65.1 (62.9–67.3), 0.49 | 65.7 (63.8–67.6), 0.91 |
1–3 | 154 | 64.6 (61.5–67.7), 0.42 | 63.8 (61.1–66.4), 0.38 |
>3 | 148 | 64.0 (60.8–67.1), 0.28 | 64.3 (61.4–67.1), 0.56 |
Spearman r (p) | −0.09 (0.02) | −0.06 (0.09) | |
Spearman r (p) 4 | −0.07 (0.08) |
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ref. = reference group. 1 Adjusted for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, alcohol intake, total vitamin D, calcium and caloric intakes, season at blood sample, smoking status and education. 2 p values obtained from generalized linear models with t test comparison between means of 25(OH)D concentrations for each category of sugar-sweetened beverages intake and the reference group. 3 Including regular colas and caffeine free colas. 4 Including skim milk, 1% and 2% milk and full cream milk. 5 Including regular colas, caffeine free colas, other carbonated beverages and sweet fruit drinks.