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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 27.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Cell Res. 2011 Jan 7;317(7):1040–1048. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.026

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of ET-1 synthesis signal transduction pathways induced by TNFα.

Figure 8

TNFα promotes ET-1 production by activating the IKK complex, which, in turn, activates ERK and JNK via their direct phosphorylation; phosphorylated JNK translocates to the nucleus to activate c-Jun, which binds to the preproET-1 promoter and triggers preproET-1 mRNA and protein expression. The transcription factor (or factors) which is (are) activated by ERK to stimulate preproET-1 mRNA and protein expression remain(s) unknown. Abbreviations: TF = transcription factor, Co-A = co-activator