Table 3.

Pharmacological evaluation of Momordica dioica described in the paper.

Pharmacological activity	Part of plant	Extract/preparation	Detail effect	Reference
Antioxidant activity	Root	Alcoholic extract	Inhibited the formation of oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) in vitro with 4000 μg/mL ascorbic system.	[45]
	Root	Ethanol extract	DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, iron chelating activity, total antioxidant capacity and haemoglobin glycosylation assay were studied. Total antioxidant capacity was 26 µg/mL equivalents to ascorbic acid.	[46]
	Fruit	Methanol, aqueous extract	Found the presence of phenolic compound, flavonoids, sterol, alkaloids and amino acids.	[47]
	Leaf	Ethanol, aqueous extracts	The presence of flavonoids was reported as a potent antioxidant	[48]
Analgesic activity	Fruit	Hexane, methanol extract	Exhibited analgesic activity when compared to standard drug	[49]
	Fruit	Petroleum ether, methanol, ethyl acetate extract	Petroleum ether and methanol extract gave more significant analgesic activity than ethyl acetate extract.	[51]
Nephroprotective activity	Seed	Ethanol extract	Found marked nephroprotective and curative activities without any toxicity caused by nephrotoxin-like gentamicin.	[52]
	Fruit	Ethanol extract	Observed significant reduction in GSH and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production.	[53]
Neuroprotective activity	Fruit	Methanol and aqueous extract	Methanol and aqueous extract of fruit pulp (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) had neuroprotective activities.	[55]
Antiallergic activities	Seed	Alcoholic extract	The antiallergic activity of extract in mice was observed.	[56]
	Not specified	Alcoholic extract	Found its efficacy to inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mouse and rat.	[57]
Antiulcer activity	Fruit	Ethanol extract	Decreased the level of H+-K+ATPase, volume of gastric juice, and acid output. Gastric wall mucus, pH and catalase enzyme were increased significantly. Antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase were decreased.	[58]
	Fruit	Hydro alcohol extract	Gastroprotective and ulcer healing activities were observed.	[59]
Anticancer activity	Root	Methanol extract	The growth inhibitory index (%) of α-spinasterol-3-o-β-D-glucopyranoside was shown to be 50%, at the dose of 4 µg/mL while testing on cancer cell (L1210).	[31]
Antimicrobial activity	Fruit	Methanol, aqueous extract	Found methanolic extract had more promising antimicrobial activity.	[47]
	Root, Leaf	Ethyl acetate extract	The concentration of 200 μg/disc was more active against E. coli compared to,  S. paratyphi, and P. mirabilis bacteria.	[60]
Antidiabetic activity	Fruit	Aqueous extract	Oral hypoglycemic effect of Momordica dioica in rat model was screened.	[62]
	Fruit	Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and alcohol extract	Ethyl acetate and ethanol showed significant antidiabetic activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg.	[63]
	Fruit	Aqueous, hexane, chloroform, and ethanol extract	Aqueous extract showed maximum fall (52.8%) in 0 to 1 h fasting blood glucose in glucose tolerance test compared to hexane (39%), chloroform (37.2%), and ethanol (37.7%) extract in normal healthy rats.	[64]
	Not specified	Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract	Screened potential role in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and broadly type 2 diabetes.	[65]
	Fruit	Methanol extract	Markedly reduced serum glucose and increased serum insulin and urea levels.	[54]
Antimalarial activity	Not specified	Alcoholic extract	Misra screened extract in vivo and in vitro against NK65 strain of Plasmodium berghei, Jurinea macrocephala, Aegle marmelos and found to possess schizontocidal activity.	[66]
Anti-inflammatory activity	Root	Alcoholic extract	Significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema when administered orally (200 mg/kg) and the activity was comparable with ibuprofen (200 mg/kg, p.o.)	[45]
	Fruit	Hexane, methanol extract.	Both extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activities when compared to standard drug	[49]
Hepatoprotective and antihepatotoxic activity	Root	Ethanol extract	Prevented CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity at a dose of 200 mg/kg	[67]
	Leaf	Aqueous, methanol extract	Reported hepatoprotective and antihepatotoxicity effect of leaf.	[68, 69]
	Fruit	Ethanol extract	Evaluated hepatoprotective activity in wistar strain of albino rats of either sex against CCl4 induced hepatic damage.	[70]
	Leaf	Ethanol, aqueous extracts	Ethanol extract was found more potent hepatoprotective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats by in vivo free radical scavenging activities.	[48]
	Root	Alcohol extract	Reduced CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats by inhibiting the formation of radicals in vitro with ascorbic system.	[56]
	Fruit	Methanol extract	The saponin fraction of Momordica dioica (27.5 and 55 mg/kg) administered to the CCl4 treated rats to protect the liver cells from liver damages on hepatocytes and silymarin (100 mg/kg).	[71]
	Fruit	Methanol extract	Exhibited a significant therapeutic effect at a dose of 400 mg/kg administered for 7 days in rat.	[72]
	Fruit	n-butanol extract	Observed significant lowering of liver cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in rats. Moreover, n-butanol extract caused a significant reduction in the pancreatic lipase activity in vitro.	[73]
Antifertility activity	Root	Ethanol, aqueous extract	Found moderate estrogenic activity including significant increase in uterine weight and abortifacient activity.	[74]
	Fruit	Ethanolic extract	Found antifertility activities of female rats but no male antifertility activity at the dose of 250 mg/kg	[75]
Antiedemic activity	Root	Alcoholic extract	Showed significant reduction of carrageenan-induced paw edema.	[45]
Insecticidal activity	Seed	Seed oil	Alkaloid momordicin in seed oil was responsible for 100% mortality at 4% conc. in 24 hours.	[76]
Grain protectant activity	Seed	Seed oil	Seed oil was grain protectant against Callosobruchus chinensis	[77]
Antifeedant activity	Fruit	Hexane and ethyl acetate extract	Showed antifeedant activity against Spodoptera litura	[78, 79]
Allelopathic activity	Leaf	Aqueous extract	Leaf extract has allelopathic activity on seedling growth and seed germination of P. aconitifolius	[80]