Figure 3.

Caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the periventricular tissue of the fourth ventricle of rabbits receiving noni and memantine treatment.

(A) There was no anti-caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the control group. (B) There was a large number of caspase-3 labeled cells (arrowheads) in the memantine group. (C) There was a significant decrease in the number of caspase-3 labeled cells (arrowheads) in the noni group when compared with the hydrocephalic group. (D) In the hydrocephalic group, the decrease in the number of caspase-3 labeled cells (arrowheads) was probably due to rapid loss of apoptotic cells. Asterisks indicate developed holes in the periventricular tissue. IV: The fourth ventricle. Scale bar: 100 μm.

(E) Graph showing the number of caspase-3-labeled cells in the periventricular tissue of the fourth ventricle. n = 6 rabbits per group and values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The one-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Tukey test was used. Noni group vs. control group, memantine group, and hydrocephalic group, ^aP < 0.001; memantine group vs. control group and hydrocephalic group, ^bP < 0.001; hydrocephalic vs. control group, ^cP < 0.001.