Table 1. Effect sizes (ES), lower bound (lbCI) and upper bound (ubCI) confidence intervals and sample sizes (N), Tau square (I2), Q statistic (Q) with its p-value (Qp) for at different subgroup designations.
| Description | Subgroup | ES | lbCI | ubCI | N | I2 | Q | Qp |
| Overall | Inside Outside PAs | 0.444 | 0.324 | 0.564 | 861 | 94.9 | 8620.1 | <0.01 |
| Overall | Comparisons insidePAs only | 0.172 | 0.083 | 0.261 | 623 | 46.8 | 1439.9 | <0.01 |
| Overall | PAs with IUCNdesignation | 0.621 | 0.488 | 0.755 | 496 | 92.9 | 3622.3 | <0.01 |
| Overall | PAs with no IUCNdesignation | 0.161 | –0.050 | 0.372 | 365 | 95.9 | 4910.5 | <0.01 |
| Overall | Clusters of PAs | 0.560 | 0.400 | 0.719 | 189 | 86.1 | 980.9 | <0.01 |
| Overall | Unique PAs identified | 0.413 | 0.264 | 0.562 | 672 | 95.8 | 7638.9 | <0.01 |
| Variable | Species abundance | 0.517 | 0.382 | 0.652 | 330 | 87.9 | 1869.6 | <0.01 |
| Variable | Assemblage abundance | 0.349 | 0.083 | 0.615 | 297 | 97.6 | 4997.7 | <0.01 |
| Variable | Assemblage speciesrichness | 0.457 | 0.238 | 0.676 | 234 | 93.2 | 1666.9 | <0.01 |
| Variable | Species abundance(inside) | −0.086 | −0.235 | 0.063 | 295 | 50.2 | 721.4 | <0.01 |
| Variable | Assemblage abundance(inside) | 0.165 | 0.044 | 0.286 | 152 | 9.9 | 270.8 | <0.01 |
| Variable | Assemblage speciesrichness (inside) | 0.529 | 0.364 | 0.694 | 176 | 51.7 | 418.5 | <0.01 |
| Taxon | Mammals | 0.179 | 0.010 | 0.344 | 216 | 88.2 | 1129.6 | <0.01 |
| Taxon | Birds | 0.657 | 0.410 | 0.910 | 332 | 97.2 | 5415.6 | <0.01 |
| Taxon | Herptiles | 0.487 | 0.159 | 0.816 | 55 | 89.6 | 425.4 | <0.01 |
| Taxon | Arthropods | 0.654 | 0.421 | 0.882 | 152 | 64.1 | 406.1 | <0.01 |
| Taxon | Plants | 0.043 | −0.214 | 0.301 | 106 | 95.4 | 1167.8 | <0.01 |
| Continent | Africa | 0.450 | 0.319 | 0.581 | 422 | 92.9 | 3320.0 | <0.01 |
| Continent | Asia | 0.986 | 0.769 | 1.203 | 185 | 71.2 | 571.4 | <0.01 |
| Continent | South America | −0.441 | −0.883 | 0.002 | 152 | 98.2 | 3950.6 | <0.01 |
| Continent | North America | 0.587 | 0.340 | 0.835 | 78 | 84.0 | 387.2 | <0.01 |
| Continent | Australasia | 0.056 | −0.160 | 0.273 | 18 | 4.2 | 16.9 | <0.01 |
| Continent | Europe | 2.544 | 0.362 | 4.726 | 6 | 97.1 | 133.3 | <0.01 |
| IUCN Cat. | IUCN 1 | 0.316 | 0.038 | 0.594 | 35 | 0.0 | 32.1 | 0.560 |
| IUCN Cat. | IUCN 2 | 0.754 | 0.581 | 0.926 | 367 | 94.8 | 3204.3 | <0.01 |
| IUCN Cat. | IUCN 3 | 0.646 | −0.473 | 1.764 | 1 | NA | 0.0 | 0.999 |
| IUCN Cat. | IUCN 4 | −0.099 | −0.222 | 0.025 | 50 | 42.1 | 104.5 | <0.01 |
| IUCN Cat. | IUCN 5 | 1.371 | 0.838 | 1.904 | 27 | 83.8 | 112.6 | <0.01 |
| IUCN Cat. | IUCN 6 | −0.044 | −0.382 | 0.295 | 16 | 0.0 | 6.1 | 0.978 |
| IUCN Cat. | No IUCNDesignation | 0.161 | −0.050 | 0.372 | 365 | 95.9 | 4910.5 | <0.01 |
| Red List | Not Evaluated | 0.596 | 0.234 | 0.957 | 62 | 91.0 | 402.8 | <0.01 |
| Red List | Data deficient | −0.479 | −1.170 | 0.212 | 6 | 85.2 | 32.4 | <0.01 |
| Red List | Least Concern | 0.460 | 0.291 | 0.628 | 168 | 83.4 | 744.8 | <0.01 |
| Red List | Near Threatened | 1.027 | 0.262 | 1.791 | 27 | 95.2 | 323.8 | <0.01 |
| Red List | Vulnerable | 0.814 | 0.333 | 1.294 | 28 | 89.2 | 195.4 | <0.01 |
| Red List | Endangered | 0.557 | 0.266 | 0.848 | 22 | 60.9 | 50.1 | <0.01 |
| Red List | CriticallyEndangered | −0.119 | −0.548 | 0.311 | 6 | 66.3 | 14.5 | 0.013 |
| Small mammals | 0.042 | −0.236 | 0.320 | 25 | 3.4 | 21.0 | 0.637 | |
| Large mammals | 0.372 | 0.131 | 0.613 | 114 | 93.1 | 796.6 | <0.01 |
PA = Protected area. Cat = Category.