Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 Jul 1;66(3):256–264. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000163

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Cytokines are significantly associated with cocaine use. In the studies on samples from the DrexelMed cohort, cytokines were analyzed using the categorical contribution model (CCM) (n=80) and three variations of the weighted linear contribution model (WLCM) (n=103) as well as RESTRICTED AT-VISIT using WLCM (n=80), adjusting for age, gender, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) status, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection as confounders, were expressed as a heat map with respect to their p-values. The p values were denoted in log scale and as the color gets darker, the p value becomes more significant. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant and marked with an asterisk. Those marked with a double asterisk were also significant after multiple test comparison using the Benjamini-Hochberg correction; q ≤ 0.05. The effect size and p value are shown in Table 2. Cells that lack color were not measured in that particular study. The Th1 panel consists of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while the Th2 panel consists of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. AT-VISIT results take into consideration drug use at a particular visit only. UPTO-VISIT results take into consideration drug use up to that particular longitudinal visit, and ALL-VISIT results take into consideration drug use at all of the patient's longitudinal visits. Cytokine profiles from the drug abuse subcohort were also compared with other published cohort reports. The molecules studied and the p values determined (regardless of biostatistical method) in these reports are expressed in the heat map with only those that were significant indicated (therefore no color in these analyses equates to not analyzed or not significant). The green lines in the figure are used to segregate cytokine results from different sample types such as serum, blood, and so on. EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor, HGF, human growth factor; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; MPA, medroxprogesterone acetate; NAP-2, neutrophil-activating protein-2; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; and VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.