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Etiologies of benign bile duct strictures
| Surgical |
| Cholecystectomy (open or laparoscopic) |
| Biliary anastomosis |
| Orthotopic liver transplant |
| Biliary reconstruction |
| Chronic pancreatitis |
| Clonorchis sinensis |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis |
| Recurrent cholangitis |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Abdominal trauma |
| Ischemic injury |
| Chemotherapy |
| Radiation therapy |
| HIV cholangiopathy |
| Mirizzi syndrome |
| Vasculitis |
| Infection (e.g. tuberculosis or histoplasmosis) |
| Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction |
| Choledochal cyst |
