Table 1.
General characteristics of participants and urine sampling in this study
| General characteristics | Exposure group* |
Control group |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonsmoker |
Nonsmoker | Smoker | ||
| 1 | 2 | |||
| Gender (total number) | 34 | 7 | 16 | 34 |
| Male | 16 | 4 | 8 | 34 |
| Female | 8 | 3 | 8 | 0 |
| Mean age ± SD, y | 30.04 ± 8.23 | 31.5 ± 5.9 | 43.0 ± 10.7 | 35.44 ± 10.9 |
| Mean working years at RSS ± SD | 4.63 ± 2.90 | 7.60 ± 1.34 | 0 | 0 |
| Mean working hours/day ± SD | 10.38 ± 2.93 | 6.20 ± 2.49 | 0 | 0 |
| Mean working days/week ± SD | 6.79 ± 0.41 | 7.00 ± 0.00 | 0 | 0 |
| Spot urine sampling | 2 samples | 12 mo and 10 workdays + 2 d off | 1 sample | 1 sample |
| Urine sampling period/ participant | During & off work | During & off work | During work | During work |
*Exposure group 1: workers at KuNaiSang, SamNakYo, HuaThanon, NamKhok, and DonKiLek cooperative; Exposure group 2: workers at SaiKhao cooperative.
SD, standard deviation.