Table 2.
Changes in outcome measures from preintervention to postintervention and postintervention to retention by group: real-rTMS versus sham-rTMS.
| Outcome measure | Postintervention-preintervention | Retention-postintervention | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within group change scores | Comparison between groups | Within group change scores | Comparison Between groups | |||
| Real-rTMS mean (SE) | Sham-rTMS mean (SE) | Difference of change (95% CI) | Real-rTMS mean (SE) | Sham-rTMS mean (SE) | Difference of change (95% CI) | |
| WMFT-T (log performance time) | −0.14 (0.14) | −0.21 (0.10) | 0.07 (−0.30–0.44) | −0.008 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.12) | −0.14 (−0.45–0.17) |
| WMFT-T (seconds) | 0.87 (1.2) | 0.81 (1.1) | 0.06 (−0.30–0.44) | 0.99 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.1) | −0.11 (−0.45–0.17) |
| WMFT-FAS | 1.5 (1.1) | 3.1 (1.3) | −1.55 (−5.09–1.99) | −1.3 (1.3) | −1.4 (1.4) | 0.15 (−3.96–4.26) |
| UEFM-M | 4.6 (1.5) | 3.9 (1.5) | 0.65 (−3.85–5.15) | −1.6 (0.80) | 0.6 (1.5) | −2.16 (−5.90–1.59) |
| Grip force (kg) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.6 (0.67) | −0.38 (−3.18–2.42) | −1.6 (1.0) | −0.98 (0.33) | −0.60 (−3.0–1.9) |
| LP force (kg) | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.51 (0.33) | −0.43 (−1.4–0.49) | −0.08 (0.46) | −0.26 (0.20) | 0.18 (−0.93–1.28) |
| PP force (kg) | 0.11 (0.19) | 0.42 (0.35) | −0.32 (−1.189–0.56) | −0.36 (0.2) | −0.02 (0.19) | −0.33 (−0.91–0.25) |
| 3JC force (kg) | 0.10 (0.56) | 0.46 (0.44) | −0.36 (−1.85–1.14) | −0.44 (0.33) | −0.21 (90.33) | −0.23 (−1.23–0.77) |
| ARAT | 0.89 (1.2) | 2.5 (0.89) | −1.56 (−4.71–1.59) | 0.38 (91.5) | −0.40 (0.82) | 0.78 (−2.9–4.5) |
| Modified Ashworth Scale | −2.0 (0.83) | −1.6 (0.02) | −0.40 (−2.54–1.74) | 0.22 (0.66) | −0.60 (0.65) | 0.82 (−1.1–2.8) |
| Light Touch | −0.70 (0.51) | −0.25 (0.69) | −0.45 (−2.26–1.36) | −0.11 (0.72) | 0.4 (0.4) | −0.51 (−2.29–1.27) |
| MAL-AOU | 0.71 (0.31) | 0.45 (0.18) | 0.27 (−0.5–1.03) | −0.09 (0.21) | −0.20 (0.14) | 0.11 (−0.44–0.66) |
| MAL-HW | 0.76 (0.30) | 0.48 (0.15) | 0.28 (−0.44–0.99) | −0.21 (−0.25) | −0.27 (0.14) | 0.06 (−0.57–0.68) |
| LLFDI—function total | 2.4 (1.2) | 0.34 (0.93) | 2.0 (−1.18–5.2) | −2.39 (0.99) | −0.19 (0.79) | −2.20 (−4.92–0.52) |
| LLFDI—upper extremity | 3.8 (3.2) | 4.3 (2.2) | −0.51 (−8.7–7.7) | −4.22 (3.48) | −1.48 (2.08) | −2.75 (−11.61–6.12) |
| LLFDI—frequency dimension total | 1.4 (1.2) | 0.34 (0.94) | 1.1 (−2.1–4.2) | 0.34 (1.56) | 0.48 (1.05) | −0.14 (−4.21–3.94) |
| LLFDI—social role | 2.0 (1.3) | 0.20 (1.3) | 1.8 (−2.0–5.7) | −0.16 (2.77) | 0.31 (1.77) | −0.47 (−7.62–6.68) |
| LLFDI—personal role | 2.2 (2.8) | 1.9 (2.1) | 0.34 (−7.1–7.8) | 2.22 (2.01) | 1.19 (3.17) | 1.02 (−6.98–9.02) |
| LLFDI—limitation dimension total | 2.1 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.9) | −1.5 (−6.3–3.4) | −0.59 (2.34) | −1.0 (2.64) | 0.40 (−7.08–7.89) |
| LLFDI—instrumental role | 4.3 (2.0) | 3.8 (2.2) | 0.56 (−5.7–6.8) | −0.98 (2.41) | −1.32 (2.92) | 0.34 (−7.69–8.37) |
| LLFDI—management role | 5.5 (3.0) | 4.2 (1.7) | 1.3 (−6.2–8.8) | −2.68 (5.53) | −2.22 (3.54) | −0.45 (−14.72–13.82) |
|
| ||||||
| Movement time (sec) | −0.14 (0.08) | −0.10 (0.11) | −0.042 (−0.33–0.24) | 0.08 (0.06) | −0.003 (0.09) | 0.09 (−0.15–0.32) |
| Trunk displacement (mm) | −3.9 (5.9) | −2.1 (4.7) | −1.8 (−17.63–13.98) | 7.2 (7.0) | −5.1 (6.1) | 12.37 (−7.24–32.0) |
| Maximum resultant velocity (m/s) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.03) | −0.05 (−0.16–0.06) | 0.001 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.003 (−0.133–0.127) |
| Shoulder ROM (degrees) | −2.55 (2.39) | −0.2 (1.84) | −1.11 (−6.70–4.48) | 6.00 (3.11) | 1.33 (2.40) | 4.67 (−3.72–13.05) |
| Elbow ROM (degrees) | 1.25 (1.99) | 0.7 (1.75) | −3.19 (−8.24–1.85) | 0.44 (2.10) | −4.89 (2.11) | 5.33 (−0.97–11.64) |
| Wrist ROM (degrees) | −2.00 (1.60) | −0.2 (0.98) | −6.94 (−18.43–4.54) | 1.00 (1.52) | −5.44 (5.26) | 6.44 (−5.87–18.76) |
|
| ||||||
| SICI (% of test MEP) | −29.22 (7.6) | −0.33 (4.2) | −28.9∗ (−47.6–10.1) | 13.29 (6.3) | −6.1 (6.8) | 19.34 (−0.39–39.19) |
| V 50 (% MSO) | 3.8 (2.9) | −6.9 (3.5) | 10.6∗ (0.89–20.3) | −1.7 (6.8) | 3.8 (4.7) | −5.5 (−24.0–13.1) |
| rMT (% MSO) | 3.6 (3.0) | −7.9 (5.3) | 11.5 (−1.7–24.7) | −4.0 (4.3) | 1.7 (7.3) | −5.7 (−24.1–12.7) |
*P < 0.05.
SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval; rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; WMFT: Wolf Motor Function Test; FAS: Functional Assessment Scale; T: Time; UEFM-M: upper extremity Fugl-Meyer motor; LP: Lateral Pinch; PP: Palmer Pinch; 3JC: Three Jaw Chuck; ARAT: Action Research Arm Test; MAL: Motor Activity Log; AOU: Amount of Use; HW: How Well; LLFDI: Late Life Function and Disability Index; ROM: Range of Motion; sec: seconds; mm: millimeters; m/s: meters per second; SICI: short intracortical inhibition; MEP: motor evoked potential; % MSO: percentage of maximum stimulator output; rMT: resting motor threshold.