Table 2.

Electronic healthcare-associated infection surveillance systems published from 2007 to 2011

Article	Study setting and size	HAI types	Data sources used	Data description	Sensitivity [PPV] (%)	Specificity [NPV] (%)
Bellini et al33	University hospital, 669 episodes	BSI, CRI	Microbiology results	Positive blood and CVC cultures	89.7*	83.9*
Klompas et al35	Academic hospital, 459 patients	VAP	Microbiology results; biochemistry results; radiology results; clinical patient data	Gram stains of excretion samples; abnormal leukocyte count; radiological signs of pneumonia; PEEP and FiO2 values, presence of fever	95 [100]	–
Woeltje et al32	Tertiary care academic hospital, 540 patients	CRI	Microbiology results	Positive wound, urine or respiratory device cultures	94.3 [22.8]	68 [99.2]
Claridge et al36	Level I trauma center, 769 patients	VAP	Pharmacy dispensing records; microbiology results; clinical patient data	Antimicrobial treatment records, positive cultures, patient vital signs and presence of devices	97 [100]	100 [99.9]
Bolon et al24	HMO, 6322 procedures	SSI	Procedure and discharge codes; pharmacy dispensing records	ICD-9-CM codes; Antimicrobial administration with an infection-specific interval	86–93 [25–39]	–
Leth et al25	Community hospitals, 1512 women	SSI, UTI	Procedure and discharge codes; pharmacy dispensing records; microbiology results	ICD-10 and NCSP codes; ATC codes for antimicrobial administration; positive urine or wound cultures	74* [81.7*]	99.4* [99.3*]
Koller et al28	Tertiary care and teaching hospital, 99 patients	UTI, BSI, CRI, pneumonia	Microbiology results; biochemistry results; clinical patient data	Positive cultures; Abnormal leukocyte count or CRP values; Clinical data from a patient data management system	90.3 [100]	100 [95.8]
Shaklee et al37	Pediatric hospitals, 119 patients	CDI	Procedure and discharge codes	ICD-9-CM codes	80.7 [73.95]	99.9 [99.9]
Inacio et al26	HMO, 42 173 procedures	SSI	Procedure and discharge codes; physician narratives	ICD-9-CM codes; standardized postoperative forms	97.8 [11]	91.5 [100]
Bouzbid et al29	University hospital, 1499 patients	UTI, BSI, CRI pneumonia	System 1 physician narratives System 2 pharmacy dispensing records; microbiology results	Electronic discharge summaries ATC codes for antimicrobial administration; positive cultures of non-common skin contaminants	86.7 99.3 [34.7]	88.2 56.8 [99.7]
Choudhuri et al30	University affiliated urban teaching hospital, 136 patients	Catheter-associated UTI	Microbiology results; biochemistry results; clinical patient data	Positive cultures; presence of fever and urinary tracts; abnormal leukocyte count	86.4 [85]	93.8 [94.4]
van Mourik et al38	Tertiary healthcare centre, 537 patients	Drain-related meningitis	Pharmacy dispensing records; microbiology results; biochemistry results	Number and exposure time of antimicrobial drugs; positive cerebrospinal fluid and drain cultures; abnormal leukocyte and CRP values	98.8 [56.9]	87.9 [99.9]
Chang et al40	Academic teaching medical center, 476 patients	Device-related	Procedure and discharge codes; pharmacy dispensing records	ICD-9-CM codes; administration of steroids	92.4–96.6 [70.6–79.1]	86.0–91.5 [97.2–98.7]

*Indicates that metrics were (re-)calculated from data provided in the publication.

ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; BSI, bloodstream infection; CRI, CVC-related infection; CRP, C reactive protein; CVC, central venous catheter; HAI, healthcare-associated infection; HMO, health maintenance organization; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases 9th revision, clinical modification; NCSP, NOMESCO Classification of Surgical Procedures; NPV, negative predictive value; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PPV, positive predictive value; SSI, surgical site infection; UTI, urinary tract infection; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.