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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: J Cell Biochem. 2012 May;113(5):1460–1469. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24046

Figure 4. The anti-inflammatory effects of hMSCs and TSG-6 in a mouse model of zymosan-induced peritonitis.

Figure 4

① Zymosan activated NF-κB signaling in resident macrophages via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). ② Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines to initiate the cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines that was amplified by mesothelial cells and other cells of the peritoneum. ③ The pro-inflammatory cytokines also activated the hMSCs to secrete TSG-6. ④ TSG-6 decreased TLR2/NF-κB signaling in the resident macrophages through a direct interaction with CD44 or in a complex with hyaluronan. The amplification of the pro-inflammatory signals by mesothelial cells to recruit neutrophils was modulated by a negative feedback loop introduced by hMSCs and TSG-6.Reprinted with permission from the American Society of Hematology (Choi et al., 2011).