Table 3.

RT-PCR Results Showing Significant Up-Regulation of TGF-β, Periostin and Thrombospondin-1 mRNA in the Heart and Gastrocnemius of Untreated and Losartan Treated mdx Mice Compared to Untreated Wild Type Controls^a

	Group	Mean ± SD	P Value	Group	Mean ± SD	P Value	Group	Mean ± SD	P Value
Heart
TGF-β	wt	1.0 ± 0.52	.01	wt	1.0 ± 0.52	.005	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 0.78	.98
	Mdx untx	2.74 ± 0.78		Mdx los	2.72 ± 0.60		Mdx los	0.99 ± 0.60
Periostin	wt	1.0 ± 0.82	<.0001	wt	1.0 ± 0.82	.04	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 0.87	.74
	Mdx untx	7.83 ± 0.87		Mdx los	2.43 ± 0.76		Mdx los	0.80 ± 0.76
Thrombospondin-1	wt	1.0 ± 0.88	<.0001	wt	1.0 ± 0.88	<.0001	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 1.09	.18
	Mdx untx	16.3 ± 1.10		Mdx los	46.3 ± 2.15		Mdx los	2.84 ± 2.15
TGF-β receptor -1	wt	1.0 ± 0.16	.04	wt	1.0 ± 0.16	.2	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 0.34	.69
	Mdx untx	1.49 ± 0.34		Mdx los	1.9 ± 1.3		Mdx los	1.28 ± 1.32
Gastrocnemius
TGF-β	wt	1.0 ± 1.39	.0004	wt	1.0 ± 1.39	.0004	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 0.28	1.0
	Mdx untx	5.91 ± 0.28		Mdx los	6.09 ± 0.44		Mdx los	1.03 ± 0.44
Periostin	wt	1.0 ± 1.83	<.0001	wt	1.0 ± 1.83	<.0001	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 0.39	.3
	Mdx untx	10.9 ± 0.39		Mdx los	16.6 ± 0.89		Mdx los	1.52 ± 0.89
Thrombospondin-1	wt	1.0 ± 1.25	.04	wt	1.0 ± 1.25	.05	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 0.66	.8
	Mdx untx	2.88 ± 0.66		Mdx los	2.62 ± 0.40		Mdx los	0.91 ± 0.40
TGF-β receptor-1	wt	1.0 ± 2.79	.7	wt	1.0 ± 2.79	.9	Mdx untx	1.0 ± 1.89	.17
	Mdx untx	0.37 ± 1.89		Mdx los	0.97 ± 0.73		Mdx los	2.6 ± 0.73

NOTE: Los = losartan; RT-PCR = real-time polymerized chain reaction; untx = untreated; wt = wild type (C57BL10/ScSnJ).

^aNo significant differences were seen between losartan-treated and untreated mdx mice. Mean equals 2^−ΔΔCt.