Fig. 1.

Normative inversion of face shape. a The face surface of an adult Caucasian male control. b The average face of 50 adult male Caucasians whose mean age matches that of a. c A heat map of the face signature of a normalised against the 50 individuals whose average is b. d The inverted heat map of c. e. The face surface whose face signature has heat map d. f Left to right a triptych of face signature, portrait and profile of individual 1 with a duplication of 7q11.23; then the normative inversion of the duplication case; and finally an individual with a confirmed deletion of 7q11.23 whose face closely resembles the inversion. g Left to right a triptych of face signature, portrait and profile of individual 2 with a duplication of 7q11.23; then the normative inversion of the duplication case; and finally an individual with a confirmed deletion of 7q11.23 whose face closely resembles the inversion. h Left to right a triptych of face signature, portrait and profile of individual 3 with a duplication of 7q11.23; then the normative inversion of the duplication case. i Left to right a triptych of face signature, portrait and profile of individual 4 with a duplication of 7q11.23; then the normative inversion of the duplication case; and finally an individual with a confirmed deletion of 7q11.23 whose face closely resembles the inversion. Note that in the original and inverted face signatures of rows f–h, the red–green–blue of the heat maps are opposite with red and blue regions interchanged. The red–green–blue spectrum in all images represents regions of contraction-coincidence-expansion relative orthogonal to the face surface of the matched norm with extreme red-blue indicating difference beyond 2SD (color figure online)