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. 2013 Nov 1;2(4):220–241. doi: 10.3390/jcm2040220

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Adult stem sources include umbilical cord blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, bone marrow, menstrual blood, breast milk, dental pup, and skin fibroblasts. Most of these cells have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in stroke animal models and a few have reached clinical trials in stroke patients.