Table 4. Summary of meta-analysis, genotyping results and GRADE for exterior and interior barn environment.
| Category | # studies (lines of data) | MA # studies (lines of data) | Outcome : |
Risk Factor | MA results (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (I2) | Molecular linkage to broiler flock (# of studies)§ | Adapted GRADE¥ | ||
| Prevalence | #tested§ | Reported matched | Reported not related | |||||||
| Odds (sample) | ||||||||||
| Odds (questionnaire) | ||||||||||
| Air Samples | 11 (21) | 10 (20) | Prevalence | 7.3% (3.5–14.6) | High (83%) | 7 | 5 | 1 | ** | |
| 1 (1) | Odds (sample) | Air sample | 24.05 (1.1–553.3) | * | ||||||
| Concrete around shed and driveway | 5 (7) | 4 (6) | Prevalence | 21.9% (11–38.8) | High (78%) | 5 | 5 | * | ||
| 1 (1) | Odds (sample) | Concrete | 1.80 (0.06–54.6) | * | ||||||
| Shed exterior | 7 (13) | 6 (11) | Prevalence | 18.3% (12.7–25.7) | High (91%) | 6 | 5 | 1 | ** | |
| 2 (4) | Odds (sample) | Shed exterior | 4.96 (3.49–7.04) | Low (0%) | ** | |||||
| Shed Interior | 29 (84) | 25 (56) | Prevalence | 15.0% (11.5–19.3) | High (93%) | 16 | 13 | 1 | ** | |
| 4 (8) | Odds (sample) | Shed interior | 9.95 (4.76–20.78) | High (69%) | ** | |||||
| Dead stock | 3 (5) | 2 (4) | Prevalence | 15.1% (2.2–58.2) | Moderate (64%) | 3 | 2 | ** | ||
| 1 (1) | Odds (sample) | Dead stock | 3.46 (12.0–100.6) | * | ||||||
| Foot bath | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | Prevalence | 58% (25.0–85.0) | High (74%) | 1 | 1 | * | ||
| Manure pile | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | Prevalence | 13.7% (4.4–35.1) | Low (9%) | 1 | 1 | * | ||
| 1 (1) | Odds (sample) | Manure pile | 1.67 (0.04–63.8) | * | ||||||
| Soil | 3 (9) | 2 (6) | Prevalence | 14.5% (6.8–28.2) | Low (0%) | 3 | 3 | ** | ||
| 2 (3) | Odds (sample) | Soil | 0.57 (0.08–4.03) | Low (0%) | ** | |||||
| Puddle/ditch | 12 (25) | 9(20) | Prevalence | 21.4% (16.6%–27.0%) | Low (26%) | 11 | 7 | 2 | ** | |
| 4 (5) | Odds (sample) | Puddle/ditch | 1.6 (0.71–3.54) | Low (0%) | ** | |||||
| Pond/river | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | Prevalence | 64.8% (7.3–79.0) | Moderate (50%) | 2 | 0 | 1 | * | |
Outcomes include prevalence of Campylobacter ssp. in the sample, association measures (Odds Ratio based on sampling and Odds Ratio based on questionnaires to establish the presence or absence of risk factors.).
¥
GRADE, Adapted Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria, see methods for details.
§
all 37 studies that reported molecular epidemiologic data, number tested include all that obtained samples (positive and negative culture).
MA- meta-analysis, 95% CI – 95% confidence interval, I2- measure of heterogeneity in the meta-analysis.