Table 7. Summary of Campylobacter isolation and genotyping protocols.
| Recovery steps (%, 95 studies) | Types | # of studies |
| Farm-collected broiler samples (73.6%) | droppings: fecal, caecal, fecal/caecal swabs | 53 |
| cloacal swabs | 13 | |
| boot socks/overshoe | 3 | |
| sand sample | 1 | |
| other farm-collected but non-broiler samples | (8) | |
Abattoir level and/or laboratory collected broiler samples (45.2%)
|
caecal content/caecal contents swab | 30 |
| cloacal swabs | 11 | |
| intestinal pool | 2 | |
| Combined with above samples: feathers, neck skin, bile | (4) | |
| Used transport media (25.2%) | Cary Blair | 7 |
| Phosphate Buffered Saline | 5 | |
| Maximum Recovery Diluent | 4 | |
| Amies Charcoal | 4 | |
| Buffered Peptone Water | 3 | |
| Used enrichment media to transport specimen | (10) | |
| Incorporated enrichment step (75.7%) | Preston | 29 |
| Bolton | 10 | |
| Campylobacter Selective Enrichment | 10 | |
| Exeter | 8 | |
| Hunt's | 5 | |
| Less commonly used (1–3 studies): Modified/Double Strength Enrichment, Tryptic Soy Broth, Supplemented Nutrient Broth (5% horse blood), Brucella, THAL Campy | 10 | |
| Culture plating, raw and enriched samples (95.7%) | mCCDA, charcoal- based | 30 |
| CCDA, charcoal- based | 12 | |
| Campy-Cefex Agar, charcoal- based | 10 | |
| Preston, charcoal- based | 10 | |
| Campylobacter Selective Agar, blood-free | 7 | |
| Campylobacter Selective Agar, blood-based | 6 | |
| Less commonly used (1–4 studies): Virion, Karmali, Butzler, CAT agar, Brucella, Mueller Hinton with Preston Agar, Campy-FDA | 16 | |
| Direct molecular detection, raw samples or enriched samples (4.2%) | PCR | 4 |
| Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (3.1%) | Agar dilution | 1 |
| E-test | 1 | |
| Unknown | 1 | |
| Speciation (81.0%) | PCR | 41 |
| Biotyping and serotyping | 24 | |
| PCR combined with biotyping and serotyping | 12 | |
| Genotyping (molecular linkage) (38.9%)¥ | ||
| 1 method | flaA (sequencing or PCR-RFLP) | 5 |
| RAPD | 5 | |
| PFGE | 4 | |
| Less frequently used: AFLP, MLST, ribotyping, sequencing of other genes | 4 | |
| 2 methods | flaA+PFGE | 8 |
| flaA+MLST | 4 | |
| Less frequently used: flaA+ribotyping, PFGE+RAPD, flaA/flaB+23S rRNA spacer) | 3 | |
| 3 methods | flaA+PFGE+AFLP | 2 |
| flaA+PFGE+MLST | 1 |
some studies may have also collected samples on-farm (21 studies collected at the farm and abattoir).
¥
Genotyping to link broiler, animal and environmental type sample matrices; methods were also used for nomenclature/arbitrary genotype assignment.
( ) not counted, mCCDA-modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar, PCR-Polymerase Chain Reaction, flaA-flagellin A, RAPD- Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA, PFGE-Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, AFLP-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. MLST – Multi-locus Sequence Typing, REA-Restriction Endonuclease Analysis.