Table 1.
Parameter measurement, ANOVA, and post hoc Duncan test for each treatment group
| Parameters | Treatment groups
|
P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypercholesterol
|
Normal
|
MPEE 200 mg/kg BW
|
MPEE 400 mg/kg BW
|
MPEE 800 mg/kg BW
|
|||||||
| Min–max | Min–max | Min–max | Min–max | Min–max | |||||||
| Angiogenesis | |||||||||||
| • VEGFR-1 (pg/mL) | 16.0±0.4 | 15.7–16.9 | 12.9±1.7 | 10.6–15.4 | 15.9±1.6 | 13.0–17.5 | 15.2±2.2 | 12.2–18.2 | 13.9±1.4 | 12.3–15.7 | 0.04 |
| • Vasa vasorum (amount/HE slide) | 20.5±2.2 | 18.0–23.0 | 3.7±1.6 | 2.0–6.0 | 5.8±1.4 | 4.0–7.0 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.0–4.0 | 2.2±1.4 | 1.0–4.0 | 0.00 |
| H2O2 (pg/mL) | 1.4±0.5 | 0.8–1.9 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.1–0.2 | 1.0±0.3 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.6±0.2 | 0.4–0.9 | 0.4±0.1 | 0.2–0.6 | 0.01 |
| HIF-1α (au) | 1,252.2±85.4 | 1,115.1–1,327.4 | 978.6±243.0 | 612.9–1,298.9 | 1,276.8±280.5 | 823.2–1,555.6 | 858.1±57.6 | 769.2–927.6 | 731.1±269.6 | 508.2–1,189.2 | 0.03 |
| NF-κB (au) | 1,953.2±80.5 | 1,842.9–2,087.2 | 1,655.3±315.1 | 1,364.5–2,146.6 | 1,902.4±58.8 | 1,822.6–1,982.2 | 1,426.2±187.9 | 1,167.9–1,692.6 | 1,343.5±260.7 | 1,132.3–1,767.9 | 0.01 |
| iNOS (au) | 1,276.8±169.0 | 1,006.6–1,458.7 | 849.8±78.3 | 736.2–987.9 | 950.7±252.1 | 654.2–1,321.8 | 660.1±209.3 | 467.9–991.2 | 574.6±198.6 | 309.8–849.0 | 0.00 |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; au, ; BW, body weight; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; min–max, minimum to maximum; MPEE, mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa beta; SD, standard deviation; VEGFR-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1.