Table S2.
List of included original observational studies and bibliographic information
| ID | Primary study citation | Reported discontinuation reasons |
|---|---|---|
| A1 | McCarthy S, Wilton L, Murray M, Hodgkins P, Asherson P, Wong IC. Management of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK primary care: a survey of general practitioners. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:22. | Yes |
| A2 | Erder MH, Signorovitch JE, Setyawan J, et al. Identifying patient subgroups who benefit most from a treatment: using administrative claims data to uncover treatment heterogeneity. J Med Econ. 2012;15(6):1078–1087. | No |
| A3 | Barner JC, Khoza S, Oladapo A. ADHD medication use, adherence, persistence and cost among Texas Medicaid children. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27 Suppl 2:13–22. | No |
| A4 | Kordon A, Stollhoff K, Niederkirchner K, Mattejat F, Rettig K, Schäuble B. Exploring the impact of once-daily OROS® methylphenidate (MPH) on symptoms and quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD transitioning from immediate-release MPH. Postgrad Med. 2011;123(5):27–38. | Yes |
| A5 | Mazzone L, Reale L, Mannino V, Cocuzza M, Vitiello B. Lower IQ is associated with decreased clinical response to atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2011;25(6):503–509. | Yes |
| A6 | Marcus SC, Durkin M. Stimulant adherence and academic performance in urban youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(5):480–489. | No |
| A7 | Fernández-Jaén A, Fernández-Mayoralas DM, Pardos A, Calleja-Pérez B, Muñoz Jareño N. Clinical and cognitive response to extended-release methylphenidate (Medikinet) in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: efficacy evaluation. Adv Ther. 2009;26(12):1097–1110. | Yes |
| A8 | Marcus SC, Wan GJ, Zhang HF, Olfson M. Injury among stimulant-treated youth with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2008;12(1):64–69. | No |
| A9 | Hervey-Jumper H, Douyon K, Franco KN. Deficits in diagnosis, treatment and continuity of care in African–American children and adolescents with ADHD. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98(2):233–238. | No |
| A10 | Gimpel GA, Collett BR, Veeder MA, et al. Effects of stimulant medication on cognitive performance of children with ADHD. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2005;44(5):405–411. | No |
| A11 | Lage M, Hwang P. Effect of methylphenidate formulation for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on patterns and outcomes of treatment. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14(4):575–581. | No |
| A12 | Gormez V, Avery B, Mann H. Switching from immediate release to sustained release methylphenidate in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(17):2345–2349. | Yes |
| A13 | Hautmann C, Rothenberger A, Döpfner M. An observational study of response heterogeneity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder following treatment switch to modified-release methylphenidate. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:219. | Yes |
| A14 | Sikirica V, et al. Immediate-release versus extended-release guanfacine for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Pharm Benefits. 2013;5(4):e85–e94. | No |
| A15 | Saloner B, Fullerton C, McGuire T. The impact of long-acting medications on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment disparities. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23(6):401–409. | No |
| A16 | Hodgkins P, Setyawan J, Mitra D, et al. Management of ADHD in children across Europe: patient demographics, physician characteristics and treatment patterns. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172(7):895–906. | No |
| A17 | Setyawan J, Hodgkins P, Guérin A, et al. Comparing treatment adherence of lisdexamfetamine and other medications for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective analysis. J Med Econ. 2013;16(7):962–975. | No |
| A18 | Zetterqvist J, Asherson P, Halldner L, Långström N, Larsson H. Stimulant and non-stimulant attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder drug use: total population study of trends and discontinuation patterns 2006–2009. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;128(1):70–77. | No |
| A19 | Lachaine J, Beauchemin C, Sasane R, Hodgkins PS. Treatment patterns, adherence, and persistence in ADHD: a Canadian perspective. Postgrad Med. 2012;124(3):139–148. | No |
| A20 | Braun S, Russo L, Zeidler J, Linder R, Hodgkins P. Descriptive comparison of drug treatment-persistent, -nonpersistent, and nondrug treatment patients with newly diagnosed attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Germany. Clin Ther. 2013;35(5):673–685. | No |
| A21 | Pottegård A, Bjerregaard BK, Glintborg D, Kortegaard LS, Hallas J, Moreno SI. The use of medication against attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Denmark: a drug use study from a patient perspective. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(3):589–598. | No |
| A22 | McCarthy S, Wilton L, Murray ML, Hodgkins P, Asherson P, Wong IC. Persistence of pharmacological treatment into adulthood, in UK primary care, for ADHD patients who started treatment in childhood or adolescence. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:219. | No |
| A23 | van Stralen JP. The clinical impact of switching attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients from OROS®-MPH to Novo-MPH ER-C®: A paediatric practice review. Paediatr Child Health. 2013;18(2):70–73. | No |
| A24 | Lensing MB, Zeiner P, Sandvik L, Opjordsmoen S. Four-year outcome in psychopharmacologically treated adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a questionnaire survey. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(1):e87–e93. | Yes |
| A25 | Sikirica V, Pliszka SR, Betts KA, et al. Comparative treatment patterns, resource utilization, and costs in stimulant-treated children with ADHD who require subsequent pharmacotherapy with atypical antipsychotics versus non-antipsychotics. J Manag Care Pharm. 2012;18(9):676–689. | No |
| A26 | Garbe E, Mikolajczyk RT, Banaschewski T, et al. Drug treatment patterns of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents in Germany: results from a large population-based cohort study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(6):452–458. | No |
| A27 | Ruggiero S, Rafaniello C, Bravaccio C, et al. Safety of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications in children: an intensive pharmacosurveillance monitoring study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(6):415–422. | Yes |
| A28 | Torgersen T, Gjervan B, Nordahl HM, Rasmussen K. Predictive factors for more than 3 years’ duration of central stimulant treatment in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective, naturalistic study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(5):645–652. | No |
| A29 | Ercan ES, Kose S, Kutlu A, Akyol O, Durak S, Aydin C. Treatment duration is associated with functioning and prognosis in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2012;22(2):148–160. | No |
| A30 | Zoëga H, Rothman KJ, Huybrechts KF, et al. A population-based study of stimulant drug treatment of ADHD and academic progress in children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):e53–e62. | No |
| A31 | Coletti DJ, Pappadopulos E, Katsiotas NJ, Berest A, Jensen PS, Kafantaris V. Parent perspectives on the decision to initiate medication treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(3):226–237. | No |
| A32 | Goetz M, Yeh CB, Ondrejka I, et al. A 12-month prospective, observational study of treatment regimen and quality of life associated with ADHD in central and eastern Europe and eastern Asia. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(1):44–59. | Yes |
| A33 | Georgiopoulos AM, Hua LL. The diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective study. Psychosomatics. 2011;52(2):160–166. | Yes |
| A34 | Palli SR, Kamble PS, Chen H, Aparasu RR. Persistence of stimulants in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(2):139–148. | No |
| A35 | Lawson KA, Johnsrud M, Hodgkins P, Sasané R, Crismon ML. Utilization patterns of stimulants in ADHD in the Medicaid population: a retrospective analysis of data from the Texas Medicaid program. Clin Ther. 2012;34(4):944–956.e4. | No |
| A36 | Rothenberger A, Becker A, Breuer D, Döpfner M. An observational study of once-daily modified-release methylphenidate in ADHD: quality of life, satisfaction with treatment and adherence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20 Suppl 2:S257–S265. | No |
| A37 | Döpfner M, Görtz-Dorten A, Breuer D, Rothenberger A. An observational study of once-daily modified-release methylphenidate in ADHD: effectiveness on symptoms and impairment, and safety. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20 Suppl 2:S243–S255. | Yes |
| A38 | Green T, Avda S, Dotan I, et al. Phenotypic psychiatric characterization of children with Williams syndrome and response of those with ADHD to methylphenidate treatment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2012;159B(1):13–20. | Yes |
| A39 | Powell SG, Thomsen PH, Frydenberg M, Rasmussen H. Long-term treatment of ADHD with stimulants: a large observational study of real-life patients. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(6):439–451. | Yes |
| A40 | Hodgkins P, Sasané R, Christensen L, Harley C, Liu F. Treatment outcomes with methylphenidate formulations among patients with ADHD: retrospective claims analysis of a managed care population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27 Suppl 2:53–62. | No |
| A41 | Wolff C, Alfred A, Lindermüller A, et al. Effect of transitioning from extended-release methylphenidate onto osmotic, controlled-release methylphenidate in children/adolescents with ADHD: results of a 3-month non-interventional study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27 Suppl 2:35–44. | Yes |
| A42 | Chen CY, Yeh HH, Chen KH, Chang IS, Wu EC, Lin KM. Differential effects of predictors on methylphenidate initiation and discontinuation among young people with newly diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(3):265–273. | No |
| A43 | Didoni A, Sequi M, Panei P, Bonati M; Lombardy ADHD Registry Group. One-year prospective follow-up of pharmacological treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67(10):1061–1067. | Yes |
| A44 | Hodgkins P, Sasané R, Meijer WM. Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: incidence, prevalence, and treatment patterns in the Netherlands. Clin Ther. 2011;33(2):188–203. | No |
| A45 | Niederkirchner K, Slawik L, Wermelskirchen D, Rettig K, Schäuble B. Transitioning to OROS® methylphenidate from atomoxetine is effective in children and adolescents with ADHD. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11(4):499–508. | Yes |
| A46 | Sitholey P, Agarwal V, Chamoli S. A preliminary study of factors affecting adherence to medication in clinic children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2011;53(1):41–44. | Yes |
| A47 | Torres A, Whitney J, Rao S, Tilley C, Lobel R, Gonzalez-Heydrich J. Tolerability of atomoxetine for treatment of pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the context of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;20(1):95–102. | Yes |
| A48 | van den Ban E, Souverein PC, Swaab H, van Engeland H, Egberts TC, Heerdink ER. Less discontinuation of ADHD drug use since the availability of long-acting ADHD medication in children, adolescents and adults under the age of 45 years in the Netherlands. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2010;2(4):213–220. | No |
| A49 | Scott NG, Ripperger-Suhler J, Rajab MH, Kjar D. Factors associated with atomoxetine efficacy for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20(3):197–203. | Yes |
| A50 | Bejerot S, Rydén EM, Arlinde CM. Two-year outcome of treatment with central stimulant medication in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(12):1590–1597. | Yes |
| A51 | Christensen L, Sasané R, Hodgkins P, Harley C, Tetali S. Pharmacological treatment patterns among patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: retrospective claims-based analysis of a managed care population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(4):977–989. | No |
| A52 | Atzori P, Usala T, Carucci S, Danjou F, Zuddas A. Predictive factors for persistent use and compliance of immediate-release methylphenidate: a 36-month naturalistic study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(6):673–681. | Yes |
| A53 | Janols LO, Liliemark J, Klintberg K, von Knorring AL. Central stimulants in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. A naturalistic study of the prescription in Sweden, 1977–2007. Nord J Psychiatry. 2009;63(6):508–516. | Yes |
| A54 | Winterstein AG, Gerhard T, Shuster J, Saidi A. Cardiac safety of methylphenidate versus amphetamine salts in the treatment of ADHD. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):e75–e80. | No |
| A55 | Banerjee S. Use of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with ADHD. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2009;13(2):18–20. | Yes |
| A56 | Chou WJ, Chou MC, Tzang RF, et al. Better efficacy for the osmotic release oral system methylphenidate among poor adherents to immediate-release methylphenidate in the three ADHD subtypes. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63(2):167–175. | No |
| A57 | Romano E, Thornhill S, Lacourse E. An 8-year follow-up study of profiles and predictors of methylphenidate use in a nationwide sample of boys. J Pediatr. 2009;155(5):721–727. | Yes |
| A58 | Berger I, Dor T, Nevo Y, Goldzweig G. Attitudes toward attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment: parents’ and children’s perspectives. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(9):1036–1042. | No |
| A59 | Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, Castells X, et al. Effect of switching drug formulations from immediate-release to extended-release OROS methylphenidate: a chart review of Spanish adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2008;22(7):603–611. | No |
| A60 | Winterstein AG, Gerhard T, Shuster J, et al. Utilization of pharmacologic treatment in youths with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Medicaid database. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(1):24–31. | No |
| A61 | Bokhari FAS, Heiland F, Levine P, Ray GT. Risk factors for discontinuing drug therapy among children with ADHD. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology. 2008;8(3):134–158. | No |
| A62 | Kurscheidt JC, Peiler P, Behnken A, et al. Acute effects of methylphenidate on neuropsychological parameters in adults with ADHD: possible relevance for therapy. J Neural Transm. 2008;115(2):357–362. | Yes |
| A63 | Darredeau C, Barrett SP, Jardin B, Pihl RO. Patterns and predictors of medication compliance, diversion, and misuse in adult prescribed methylphenidate users. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(8):529–536. | Yes |
| A64 | Olfson M, Marcus SC, Zhang HF, Wan GJ. Continuity in methylphenidate treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(7):570–577. | No |
| A65 | Moosa F, Lohawala A. ADHD – do guidelines translate into service? Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2007;12(2):73–75. | Yes |
| A66 | Johnston JA, Ye W, Van Brunt DL, Pohl G, Sumner CR. Decreased use of clonidine following treatment with atomoxetine in children with ADHD. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(4):389–395. | No |
| A67 | Thompson AE, Nazir SA, Abbas MJ, Clarke J. Switching from immediate- to sustained-release psychostimulants in routine treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Bulletin. 2006;30:247–250. | Yes |
| A68 | Charach A, Skyba A, Cook L, Antle BJ. Using stimulant medication for children with ADHD: what do parents say? A brief report. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(2):75–83. | Yes |
| A69 | Kemner JE, Lage MJ. Impact of methylphenidate formulation on treatment patterns and hospitalizations: a retrospective analysis. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006;5:5. | No |
| A70 | Concannon PE, Tang YP. Management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a parental perspective. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41(12):625–630. | No |
| A71 | Marcus SC, Wan GJ, Kemner JE, Olfson M. Continuity of methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(6):572–578. | No |
| A72 | Monastra VJ. Overcoming the barriers to effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a neuro-educational approach. Int J Psychophysiol. 2005;58(1):71–80. | Yes |
| A73 | Sanchez RJ, Crismon ML, Barner JC, Bettinger T, Wilson JP. Assessment of adherence measures with different stimulants among children and adolescents. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(7):909–917. | No |
| A74 | Romano E, Baillargeon RH, Fortier I, et al. Individual change in methylphenidate use in a national sample of children aged 2 to 11 years. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50(3):144–152. | No |
| A75 | Huskamp HA, Deverka PA, Epstein AM, et al. Impact of 3-tier formularies on drug treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(4):435–441. | No |
| A76 | Bussing R, Zima BT, Mason D, Hou W, Garvan CW, Forness S. Use and persistence of pharmacotherapy for elementary school students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15(1):78–87. | Yes |
| A77 | Perwien A, Hall J, Swensen A, Swindle R. Stimulant treatment patterns and compliance in children and adults with newly treated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004;10(2):122–129. | No |
| A78 | Miller AR, Lalonde CE, McGrail KM. Children’s persistence with methylphenidate therapy: a population-based study. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49(11):761–768. | No |
| A79 | Bauermeister JJ, Canino G, Bravo M, et al. Stimulant and psychosocial treatment of ADHD in Latino/Hispanic children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(7):851–855. | Yes |
| A80 | Thiruchelvam D, Charach A, Schachar RJ. Moderators and mediators of long-term adherence to stimulant treatment in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(8):922–928. | Yes |
| A81 | Grcevich S, Rowane WA, Marcellino B, Sullivan-Hurst S. Retrospective comparison of Adderall and methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001;11(1):35–41. | No |
| A82 | Hazell PL, McDowell MJ, Walton JM. Management of children prescribed psychostimulant medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Hunter region of NSW. Med J Aust. 1996;165(9):477–480. | No |
| A83 | McCarthy S, Asherson P, Coghill D, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(3):273–277. | No |
| A84 | Bowen J, Fenton T, Rappaport L. Stimulant medication and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The child’s perspective. Am J Dis Child. 1991;145(3):291–295. | Yes |
| A85 | Johnston C, Seipp C, Hommersen P, Hoza B, Fine S. Treatment choices and experiences in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: relations to parents’ beliefs and attributions. Child Care Health Dev. 2005;31(6):669–677. | Yes |
| A86 | Dosreis S, Zito JM, Safer DJ, Soeken KL, Mitchell JW, Ellwood LC. Parental perceptions and satisfaction with stimulant medication for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2003;24(3):155–162. | Yes |
| A87 | Gau SS, Chen SJ, Chou WJ, et al. National survey of adherence, efficacy, and side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(1):131–140. | Yes |
| A88 | dosReis S, Butz A, Lipkin PH, Anixt JS, Weiner CL, Chernoff R. Attitudes about stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among African American families in an inner city community. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2006;33(4):423–430. | Yes |
| A89 | Gau SS, Shen HY, Chou MC, Tang CS, Chiu YN, Gau CS. Determinants of adherence to methylphenidate and the impact of poor adherence on maternal and family measures. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(3):286–297. | Yes |
| A90 | Charach A, Gajaria A, Skyba A, Chen S. Documenting adherence to psychostimulants in children with ADHD. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;17(3):131–136. | Yes |
| A91 | Ibrahim el SR. Rates of adherence to pharmacological treatment among children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(5):225–231. | Yes |